Unit 3

Question 1

citation form

Answer 1

a word said carefully as a single item as in transcription quizzes and practice
words are pronounced carefully and deliberately

Question 2

connected speech

Answer 2

two or lone single words joined together in an utterance
in connected speech, sounds in words affect other sounds in the utterance
these changes are note errors, but the natural consequence of rapid speech
there isn’t time to make all sounds as they would be in isolation

Question 3

rate of speech

Answer 3

tempo
speed of speaking
helps to convey meaning or emotion

Question 4

coarticulation

Answer 4

speech sounds are not articulated individually but overlap as they are combined into words
-*the overlap between sounds within words

Question 5

assimilation

Answer 5

the changes to sounds that occurs because of this overlap (the result of coarticulation)
**“the adaptive articulatory change that results in neighboring sound segments becoming similar in their production”
often called harmony or adaption
sounds can become similar to others in different ways
-active or passive articulator used
-manner or articulation
-voicing
(consonant characteristics)

Question 6

position assimilation

Answer 6

contiguous, noncontiguous

Question 7

contiguous

Answer 7

contact assimilation

when one segment affects a sound that directly precedes or follows it

Question 8

noncontiguous

Answer 8

remote assimilation

• less common than contiguous
• active/passive articulators assimilate a different position/placement, often separated by a vowel or in a separate syllable

Question 9

direction of assimilation

Answer 9

progressive

regressive

Question 10

progressive

Answer 10

holding over a previous articulation to a later one

Question 11

regressive

Answer 11

anticipation an articulation yet to come

Question 12

extent of assimilation

Answer 12

total

partial

Question 13

total

Answer 13

two sounds become identical
-they often merge into one sound held longer if they are contiguous
big changes

Question 14

partial

Answer 14

two sounds become similar in sone way but not identical small changes

Question 15

coalescence

Answer 15

two neighboring speech sounds are merged and become one sound with =characteristics of both of the original sounds
not common in adult speech but used by children (multisyllabic words)

Question 16

elision

Answer 16

in rapid speech we are likely to omit some sounds

nothing wrong with it

Question 17

epenthesis

Answer 17

addition of unneeded phonemes during speech generally schwa or j are added

Question 18

metathesis

Answer 18

reversal of phonemes within words or phrases

ask>ax spagetti>psagetti

Question 19

vowel reduction

Answer 19

reduction of a vowel to schwa or other short vowel in unstressed syllables or weak forms
ex words that \ end in meter like thermometer

Question 20

Weak forms

Answer 20

production of some function words with weak vowels during connected speech (the, an, a, and,)

Question 21

suprasegmental

Answer 21

Supra- above, beyond the limit of, outside of, more than
segment- individual speech sound
suprasegmental- “aspects of speech that transcend the actual consonants and vowels of an utterance

Question 22

prosody

Answer 22

synonym of suprasegmental

modulations of the voice

Question 23

pitch

Answer 23

a prosodic feature
the perceptual correlation of frequency (number of cycles per second that the vocal folds vibrate)
the greater the frequency of vibration, the higher the pitch

Question 24

tone

Answer 24

changes in pitch used to distinguish between similar phonemes- not used in english (tonal languages)

Question 25

intonation

Answer 25

variations in pitch used to convey meaning within a sentence (question versus statement)
particular intonation patterns vary by language
-statement
-question
-exclamations
-long sentences with breath groups
-series of individual items

Question 26

duration of individual phonemes

Answer 26

diphthongs are longer than monophthongs
vowels are longer than consonants
glides and liquids are longer than other consonants
stops are the shortest consonants
vowels in open syllabus are longer than vowels in closed syllables
vowels before voiced obscenest are longer than the same vowels before voiceless obstruents

Question 27

pauses and juncture

Answer 27

pauses are breaks in the forward flow of speech

• silent pauses (to get attention, buildup anticipation)
• filled pauses or interjections (um, er, uh,ok)
• prolonged vowels or syllables (wells, ummmm. giving yourself time to think)

Question 28

stress

Answer 28

the degree of force or prominence of an utterance
can be produced by an extra respiratory effort
perceived by listeners
-louder
-higher in pitch
-longer in duration

Question 29

types of stress

Answer 29

word stress
phrasal stress
sentence stress

Question 30

word stress

Answer 30

prominence given to a syllable within a word

Question 31

phrasal stress

Answer 31

prominence within a phrase to show grammatical relationships between words

Question 32

sentence stress

Answer 32

prominence of words within a sentence

• content words for understanding are stressed more than usual
• important words for understanding are stressed more than usual
• new information is stressed more than old information

Question 33

duration

Answer 33

tempo: the speed of speaking

some phonemes can be produced longer the /s/ is the most commonly held out/ easiest

Question 34

rhythm

Answer 34

the manner in which stressed and unstressed syllabus follow each other
-not the same in all languages

Question 35

stress timed rhythm

Answer 35

used for english

• each breath group has about the same duration (approx. 5 syllables, but varies)
• unstressed syllables spoken more quickly to give time to stressed syllables
• less stressed vowels are reduced to schwa or other short vowels or even omitted
• typical

Question 36

syllable timed rhythm

Answer 36

• each syllable takes up approximately the sam amount of time
• unstressed syllables are often produced less loudly but not shortened
• schwa or reduced vowels are not used
• machine-gun rhythm analogy
• not typical