Unit 3 Flashcards
citation form
a word said carefully as a single item as in transcription quizzes and practice
words are pronounced carefully and deliberately
connected speech
two or lone single words joined together in an utterance
in connected speech, sounds in words affect other sounds in the utterance
these changes are note errors, but the natural consequence of rapid speech
there isn’t time to make all sounds as they would be in isolation
rate of speech
tempo
speed of speaking
helps to convey meaning or emotion
coarticulation
speech sounds are not articulated individually but overlap as they are combined into words
-*the overlap between sounds within words
assimilation
the changes to sounds that occurs because of this overlap (the result of coarticulation)
**“the adaptive articulatory change that results in neighboring sound segments becoming similar in their production”
often called harmony or adaption
sounds can become similar to others in different ways
-active or passive articulator used
-manner or articulation
-voicing
(consonant characteristics)
position assimilation
contiguous, noncontiguous
contiguous
contact assimilation
when one segment affects a sound that directly precedes or follows it
noncontiguous
remote assimilation
- less common than contiguous
- active/passive articulators assimilate a different position/placement, often separated by a vowel or in a separate syllable
direction of assimilation
progressive
regressive
progressive
holding over a previous articulation to a later one
regressive
anticipation an articulation yet to come
extent of assimilation
total
partial
total
two sounds become identical
-they often merge into one sound held longer if they are contiguous
big changes
partial
two sounds become similar in sone way but not identical small changes
coalescence
two neighboring speech sounds are merged and become one sound with =characteristics of both of the original sounds
not common in adult speech but used by children (multisyllabic words)
elision
in rapid speech we are likely to omit some sounds
nothing wrong with it
epenthesis
addition of unneeded phonemes during speech generally schwa or j are added
metathesis
reversal of phonemes within words or phrases
ask>ax spagetti>psagetti
vowel reduction
reduction of a vowel to schwa or other short vowel in unstressed syllables or weak forms
ex words that \ end in meter like thermometer
Weak forms
production of some function words with weak vowels during connected speech (the, an, a, and,)
suprasegmental
Supra- above, beyond the limit of, outside of, more than
segment- individual speech sound
suprasegmental- “aspects of speech that transcend the actual consonants and vowels of an utterance
prosody
synonym of suprasegmental
modulations of the voice
pitch
a prosodic feature
the perceptual correlation of frequency (number of cycles per second that the vocal folds vibrate)
the greater the frequency of vibration, the higher the pitch
tone
changes in pitch used to distinguish between similar phonemes- not used in english (tonal languages)
intonation
variations in pitch used to convey meaning within a sentence (question versus statement)
particular intonation patterns vary by language
-statement
-question
-exclamations
-long sentences with breath groups
-series of individual items
duration of individual phonemes
diphthongs are longer than monophthongs
vowels are longer than consonants
glides and liquids are longer than other consonants
stops are the shortest consonants
vowels in open syllabus are longer than vowels in closed syllables
vowels before voiced obscenest are longer than the same vowels before voiceless obstruents
pauses and juncture
pauses are breaks in the forward flow of speech
- silent pauses (to get attention, buildup anticipation)
- filled pauses or interjections (um, er, uh,ok)
- prolonged vowels or syllables (wells, ummmm. giving yourself time to think)
stress
the degree of force or prominence of an utterance
can be produced by an extra respiratory effort
perceived by listeners
-louder
-higher in pitch
-longer in duration
types of stress
word stress
phrasal stress
sentence stress
word stress
prominence given to a syllable within a word
phrasal stress
prominence within a phrase to show grammatical relationships between words
sentence stress
prominence of words within a sentence
- content words for understanding are stressed more than usual
- important words for understanding are stressed more than usual
- new information is stressed more than old information
duration
tempo: the speed of speaking
some phonemes can be produced longer the /s/ is the most commonly held out/ easiest
rhythm
the manner in which stressed and unstressed syllabus follow each other
-not the same in all languages
stress timed rhythm
used for english
- each breath group has about the same duration (approx. 5 syllables, but varies)
- unstressed syllables spoken more quickly to give time to stressed syllables
- less stressed vowels are reduced to schwa or other short vowels or even omitted
- typical
syllable timed rhythm
- each syllable takes up approximately the sam amount of time
- unstressed syllables are often produced less loudly but not shortened
- schwa or reduced vowels are not used
- machine-gun rhythm analogy
- not typical