Ch 2- An Overview of Speech Production Flashcards
Physiological phonetics
examines the anatomical-physiological prerequisites for speech and hearing, in particular the functional adequacy of all structures that are a portion of the speech process includes the speech mechanism
speech mechanism
the structures that are involved in producing speech
resporatory system
consists primarily of the rings and airways, including trachea, rib cage, abdomen, and diaphragm. relate to respiration (the exchange of gases necessary for sustaining life. make voice and speech possible
phonatory system
consists primarily of the larynx and is responsible for Phonation
phonation
the production of tones resulting from vibration of the vocal folds
resonatory system
is composed of a series of cavities:the oral, nasal, and pharyngeal plays a vital role in resonance
resonance
the selective radiation and absorption of sound energy at specific frequencies…certain frequencies are amplified or intensified…while others are suppressed or damped
effected by the modifying of cavities through which sound passes
articulatory system
contains the mandible, tongue, lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, and velum. important in forming the individual speech sounds. fine tunes the production, resulting in speech sounds that are distinct and qualitatively acceptable- secondary function
Primary function
depicts the life-supposing tasks of the speech mechanism
aka vital functions
secondary functions
aka overlaid functions (indicating functions that are nearly placed onto the original functions) how it is used to produce speech
primary function of the respiratory system
the vital exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
secondary function of the respiratory system
generating a source of energy in the form of a stream of air for the production of speech. without this pressurized air, speech is impossible. (produces plosives)
diaphragm
divides the torso of the body into the thoracic and abdominal cavities. principle muscle of inhalation
the external and internal intercostals
also considered muscles of inhalation
elevation of the ribs during inhalation
visceral or pulmonary pleura and the costal or parietal pleura
airtight and fused together, producing a small amount of fluid that provides smooth, lubricated movement of the lungs during respiration
a powerful negative pressure is created by the two that links the costal and visceral membranes so closely that the lungs cohort the thoracic walls forcing the lungs to move with the thoracic wall
alveolar pressure
the pressure within the lungs
pressure during breathing rest
the alveolar and atmospheric are equal
respiration cycle
as inhalation begins the increase in the thoracic dimensions and the consequent expansion of the lungs as they follow the expanding thoracic cavity results in a negative alveolar pressure, therefore air rushes in to restore pressure equality, as the outside air rushes into the lungs, the muscles of inhalation gradually cease their activity. at the this point exhalation begins. and the diaphragm starts to relax in to its uncontracted state both actions increase alveolar pressure causing the air to be forced out. any problems with the parts, means difficulty producing speech
Glottis
area between vocal folds
Subglottal
refers to that area below the vocal folds
-the lower portion of the larynx, extending from just beneath the vocal cords down to the top of the trachea. The structures in the subglottis are implicated in the regulation of the temperature of the breath.
equalization of outflow of air
needed ignored to maintain a constant loudness level during an utterance.
a system of checks and balances between inspiratory and expiratory muscles makes it happen
lateral
away from the midline
anterior
towards the front
posterior
towards the back
inhalation
as inhalation begins the increase in the thoracic dimensions and the consequent expansion of the lungs as they follow the expanding thoracic cavity results in a negative alveolar pressure, therefore air rushes in to restore pressure equality
exhalation
the muscles of inhalation gradually cease their activity. at the this point exhalation begins. and the diaphragm starts to relax in to its uncontracted state both actions increase alveolar pressure causing the air to be forced out.
egressive
(of a speech sound) produced using the normal outward-flowing airstream from the lungs
ingressive
sounds produced when the the airstream flows inward through the mouth or nose
structures of the respiratory System
lungs, ribcage, thorax/thoracic cavity, abdomen, trachea, muscles of respiration (primarily diaphragm)
supra-laryngeal system
the muscles of the respiratory system relies air into this and the larynx to generate speech
differences in inspiratory+expiratory time for quiet breathing vs. speech
breathing- 2.5 seconds
speech- up to 15 seconds
resistance quiet vs. speech
breathing- little resistance
speech- resistance at vocal folds, articulators, or both
muscle activity quiet vs. speech
breathing- expiratory forces are purely passive
speech- expiration is also active, requiring complicated muscular effort
adduct
to bring towards the midline
abduct
to bring away from the midline
fundamental frequency
the rate of vibration (# of open/closes per second) of the vocal folds
-males 120-145
-females 200-260
the higher the rate the higher the pitch
structures of the phonatory system
larynx, hyoid bone, cartilages, epiglottis, esophagus (not a part but worth mentioning), glottis, vocal folds
larynx
houses other primary structures
location of the vocal folds
causes you to cough to keep out blockage in air way
hyoid bones
only bone in the body not connected to another bone
cartilage in the phonatory system
they hold system in place
epiglottis
stops choking
esophagus
foodtube
vocal folds
open and close to build air in order to produce speech
vocal folds are adducted lightly during speech to do this (glottis is still visible) VARIABLE RESISTANCE DEPENDING UPON THE NEEDS OF THE MOMENT
primary functions of phonatory system
- protection of the airway during swallowing
- stabilizing the upper body for lifting and pushing
secondary (overlaid) functions of the phonatory system
- phonation (production of voice)
- control of pitch of voice
- control of loudness of voice
- distinguishing between consonants that are identical except that one is voices and the other is voiceless
Pitch
when folds are stretched, their longitudinal tension is increased and frequency is increased (heard as a higher pitch)
loudness
in loud speech the difference is that the vocal folds stay closed longer in order to build up more air pressure “increased medial tension”
Structures of a Resonatory system
Pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity, nasal cavity together they are called the VOCAL TRACT
Pharyngeal cavity
the open muscular tube extending up form the larynx and behind the oral nasal cavities
oral cavity
THE MOST VARIABLE CAVITY IN SHAPE
-the north, bounded on the front by the lips, at the bottom by the tongue and floor of mouth
nasal cavity
the open space inside the nose, really a very small space, moist surfaces tend to damp or tome down the sound that passes through them, mucus can change the shape
vowels in relation to resonance
vowels are extremely susceptible to changes in resonance
velopharyngeal port
The channel of egressive air depends of the position of the vellum shot palate–> this port directs the air to the oral vs. nasal. it is the opening between the pharyngeal and nasal cavities
open- goes through nasal (nasal sounds)
closed- goes through oral (non-nasal sounds)
Articulatory system structures
tongue, mandible, teeth, lips, alveoler ridge, hard palate, velum
tongue
terms: lingual, lingua,
a muscular organ-the roots attach it to the hyoid bone and the mandible supports it
mandible
mandibular
teeth
dental
lips
labial, labio
produced changes in the vocal tract size and shape in two distinct ways
closure for bilabial sound and partially on other sounds, i.e., fricatives f,v
rounding- for vowels and for several consonants “w”
alveolar ridge
alveolar, alveo
hard palate
palatal, plato
velum
velar, velo (soft palate)
movable points of contact
“active articulator”
tongue, jaw, lips, velum
non-movable points of contact
“passive articulators”
(active articulators move towards them)
teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate
apex
- apical, apico
the tip of the tongue
accounts for over 50% of the consonant contacts made in an average sample of english conversation
-most active part of tongue
body
primary bulk or mass of the tongue
blade
-laminal
located just behind the tip
back or dorsum
dorsal
used to make sounds /k/ /g/ “ingma”
root
the long segment that forms the front wall of the pharynx
primary function of the articulatory system
Get food and liquid and create a bolus ready to swallow
secondary function of the articulatory system
- Shape sounds that is coming from phonatory system and being enhance by resonatory system.
extrinsic muscles
(having at least one attachment to structures outside the larynx) responsible for support and fixation of the larynx
intrinsic muscles
(those having both attachments within the larynx) necessary for control during voice production
far more interesting during voice production
timbre
tone quality
hypernasality
an excessive amount of perceived nasal cavity resonance due to lack of necessary varopharyngeal port closing
nasal emission
occurs on specific consonants that have a high degree of pressure in to oral cavity during their production
free vibration
used to describe the natural vibratory response of an object
natural or resonant frequency
frequency at which the object vibrates
forced vibration
one object sets another object into vibration
nechanical resonator
when the actual object itself is set into motion
acoustic resonator
a container filled with air that is set into vibration
harmony
numbered multiples of a frequency
complex wave
one composed of more than one frequency
sound spectrogram
visual display of acoustic analysis
