Unit 2 Flashcards
vowels vs. consonants
vowels are completely open, con some obstruction
no sagital midline closure in vowels, some in con
voicing, always for vowels sometimes for con
sonority all in vowels some in con (loudness/intense)
vowels are always syllable nucleus, some con
cognates
pairs of voices/voiceless con
classification of vowels
(in this order) hight, front, lip structure
height
how close high point of tongue is to hard palate
high mid low
frontness
how far forward or back in mouth high point of tongue is
front central back
lip configuration
rounded, unrounded (retracted, neutral)
other descriptions
tense-lax (refers to the tongue)
long-short
nasal-oral (vowels in english are only nasal before a nasal con)
stressed-unstressed
monophthongs
vowels that remain qualitatively the same throughout their duration (pure vowels)
*monophthongs are classified differently than diphthongs
diphthongs
vowels composed of two elements, changing from one to the other during their production
*there is disagreement about classification and transcription of diphthongs
we use arch over
consist of an onglide (rising) and offglide (falling off)
some are phonemic (change meaning) and others are nonphonemic (use does not change meaning) pg.86
centering (including rhotic diphthongs)
vocalic r’s and vowels plus schwar
diphthongization
producing a monophthong as a dipthong, by adding an off glide (often schwa or another short vowel)
not an error
monophthongization
producing a diphthong as a monophthong, usually by omitting the offglide
nasalization
all vowels in english are typically produced with the velopharyngeal port closed, but they are often produced with nasalization when before or after a nasal consonant
vowels /I/ and /AE/ are especially affected before ingma, making them appear like /i/ and /e/
vowel reduction
in a weak syllable, all vowels tend to become shorter, more central, and more neutral. they follow predictable lines in this reduction. in extreme cases, most vowels will become unstressed uh
happens in fast speech
most frequent vowels in English
front vowel
then central
then back
Rhotic diphthongs
only a few of the vowels of english appear before /r/ in the same syllable.
those that do are called rhotic diphthongs
mandible movement
because of the muscular attachment of the tongue to the mandible it is common to lower or open the mandible as the tongue moves lower for vowel sounds,
not absolutely necessary, but makes speaking easier and clear
*occurs most on vowels (especially low ones)
vowels have
names
point vowels
the vowels in the four corners of the chart (“ah”, /i/, /u/ /a/)
vowel quadrilateral/vowel diagram
a chart that shows all the vowels according to their frontness and height
classification of consonants
active articulator, passive articular, manner of articulation, voicing
active articulator
the articulator that actually moves during the production of the sound table 5.1 p. 112
terms:
lower lip: labial, labio
tongue: lingual, lingua
apical, coronal, predorsal, midiodorsal, postdorsal
passive articulator
the articulator that does not move be acts a a point of contact for active articulators
table 5.2 p. 114
terms:
upper lip: labial, labio
upper front teeth: dental
alveolar ridge: alveolar, alveo-
hard palate: palatal, palate-
prepalatal (includes alveolar ridge)
mediopalatal
postpalatal
velum: velar, velo-
glottisthe parts of the tongue
apex, corona, pre-dorsal, medio-dorsum, post-dorsum
see picture
manner or articulation
the way the airstream is modified as the result of interaction of the articulators
terms:
stop (polosives)
fricative
affricate
nasal
glide (semi-vowel)
liquid (approximate)
central and lateralstop plosives
consonants produced with a complex blockage of the oral and nasal cavity
english stops /p,b,t,d,k,g/
how are stop plosives produced
- velopharyngeal port is closed, blocking off nasal cavity
- complete blockage is made in the mouth
- air pressure builds up behind the closure
- pressure is related suddenly
- the shape of the oral cavity in front of the closure and whether the air is accompanied by local fold vibration determine which stop will be produced
three phases of stops
closing, period of closure, and opening
aspiration
voiceless puff of air from the glottis that sometimes follows the voiceless stops
released stops
refers to the release phase when the articulators are open to allow air to come out and/ or to make another following sound
unreleased stops
refers to the allophones of stops in which the closure is not released suddenly but moves directly into the next sound or into silence
fricatives
consonant produced when active and passive articulators are held together closely enough that air passes through with pressure, causing turbulence and friction
how are fricatives produced
- velopharyngeal port is closed so air cannot go out through nasal cavity
- active and passive articulators held together with required force
- air is forced between the articulators
- where the constriction occurs, the shape of the passage the air is forced through, and the presence or absence of vocal fold vibration determine which fricative will be produced
grooved channels
/s,z/
narrow slit channels
/sh, beige sound/
wide slit channel
the th’s
sibilant
greatest energy and more high frequency components
/s,z,sh, beige/
weak
least energy- more difficult to hear
/f,v,th’s, h/
what is a lisp
a distortion of the sibilant consonants (airflow directed a different way)
affricates
stop plosive releasing to a fricative articulated as one movement
how are affricates made
with complete closure between active and passive articulators
release of an affricate
slowly
nasals
complete blockage between active and passive articulator (velum lowered)
how are nasals made
open velum port resulting in airflow through nasal cavity
cul-de-sac
tube open at one end (nasal) and closed at other (oral cavity) due to velum
/m/ had the longest du to closure at lips
ingma has the smallest du to closure at the palate
Approximates
consonants in which the articulators come close together but not close enough to cause construction
all voiced
glides
central and lateral liquids (aka approximates)
glides
sonsonat made with movement form partially constricted to more open position for the following vowel
Always prevocalic
/w,j/
central liquid (rhotic liquid)
/r/ apex or blade of young lear palate (lingua-palatal)
retroflexed
or bunched
retroflexed
tip of tongue curled back and pointed toward palate
bunched
body of tongue pulled back into back of mouth with blade lear palate
latereal liquid
/l/ lingua-alveolar (tip of the tongue near the alveolar ridge)
prevocalic- light
post vocalic- dark
Prevocalic l
light- tongue tip at alveolar ridge while voiced air passes over sides of tongue
postvocalic l
dark- tongue top at or near alveolar ridge, body of tongue raided whole voiced air passes over sides of tongue
obstruents
non-resonant, true consonants
most obstructed, voiced-voiceless cognates
stops, fricatives, affricates
sonorants
resonants
least obstructed, most intense, all voiced
nasals, glides, liquids
syllabic consonants
consonants acting a nucleus of a syllable
sounds affected: nasals and liquids [n], [l]
in weak syllable, take the role of a vowel
sagittal midline
the median plane what divides the body, into right and left halves
high vowels
have the greatest degree of tongue elevation
low vowels
have the least degree of tongue elevation
mid vowels
have a degree of tongue elevation approximately in-between the high and low
front vowels
the most observable characteristic is the more forward location of the bulge of the tongue
back vowels
the hump of the tongue is farther back, creating a harrowing in the upper pharynx
central vowels
are characterized by a centralized positioning of the hump of the tongue
rounded vowels
produced when the mouth opening is reduced by contraction of the muscles of the lips
unrounded (retracted/neutral) vowels
produced either with the muscles of the lips quite inactive or neutral or with the contraction of specific muscles that draw back the corners of the lips
rising diphthong
one in which the gliding movement of the the tongue moves from a lower to a higher articulatory position
falling diphthong
one in which the gliding movement of the tongue moves from a higher to a lower articulatory position
r-coloring
vowel had perpetual qualities that are similar to the r-rounding, the first sound in run or red
centering diphthongs
those diphthongs in which the offgilde consists of a central vowel
continuant sounds
sounds are those in which the vocal tract is not completely blocked, but rather a continuous flow of air is achieved
noncontinuants
those in which there is complete obstruction of the flow of air
homorganic
consonants (from homo- “same” and organ “(speech) organ”) is a phonetics term for consonant sounds that are articulated in the same position or place of articulation in the mouth, such as [m], [p], [b] (pronounced with both lips)
glottal stop
a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʔ⟩
alveolar flap
is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar flaps is [ɾ].
