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Chemistry > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

What pH range do acids have?

A

From below 7 (red)

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1
Q

What range does the pH scale have?

A

From below 0 to above 14

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2
Q

What pH range do alkali’s have?

A

More than 7 (blue)

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3
Q

What pH does water and other neutral substances have??

A

pH 7 (green)

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4
Q

What type of solution do non-metal oxides produce when dissolved in water?

A

Acid solutions

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5
Q

What type of solution do metal oxides and hydroxides produce when dissolved in water?

A

Alkaline solutions

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6
Q

What does ammonia dissolve in water to produce?

A

An alkali

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7
Q

Where can acids and alkalis be commonly used?

A

At home and in the laboratory

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8
Q

What solutions have the concentration of hydrogen ions equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions?

A

Water and other neutral solutions

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9
Q

What ions does an acidic solution contain?

A

More hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions

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10
Q

Which ions does an alkaline solution contain?

A

More hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions

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11
Q

How is the effect of dilution on the pH of an acid/alkali explained?

A

In terms of the decreasing concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

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12
Q

Which solutions have an equilibrium between hydrogen and hydroxide ions?

A

Water and aqueous solutions

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13
Q

What happens when a reversible reaction is in equilibrium?

A

The concentrations of reactants and products remain constant although not necessarily equal

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14
Q

How is the concentration of a solution expressed?

A

Mol dm-3

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15
Q

Moles, concentration and volume can be found out from what??

A

M
V C
The triangle

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16
Q

What happens to strong acids in aqueous solutions? (In terms of dissolving and ionising)

A

They are completely dissolved and completely ionised

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17
Q

What happens to weak acids in aqueous solutions? (In terms of dissolving and ionising)

A

They are only partially dissolved and are only partially ionised

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18
Q

What are examples of strong acids? (3)

A

Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, and nitric acid

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19
Q

What is an example of a weak acid?

A

Ethanoic acid

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20
Q

What do equimolar solutions of strong and weak acids/bases differ in?

A

pH, conductivity, rate of reaction

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21
Q

What’s an example of a strong BASE? (Type of solution)

A

Solutions of metal hydroxides

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22
Q

what’s a weak BASE?

A

Ammonia solution

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23
Q

What is neutralisation?

A

The reaction of acids with bases

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24
Q

What are examples of bases? (3)

A

Metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonates

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25
Q

Where does neutralisation move pH of an acid and an alkali?

A

Acid move up to 7, alkali moves down

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26
Q

What forms when a base dissolves in water?

A

Alkalis

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27
Q

What happens in a reaction of an acid and an alkali?

A

Hydrogen and hydroxide ions form water

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28
Q

What happens in the reaction of an acid with a metal oxide?

A

The hydrogen and oxide ions form water

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29
Q

What happens in a reaction of an acid with a metal carbonate?

A

The hydrogen and carbonate ions form water and carbon dioxide

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30
Q

What is given off when an acid reacts with some metals?

A

Hydrogen gas

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31
Q

What are every day examples of neutralisation?

A

The treatment of acid indigestion

And using Lime to reduce acidity in soil and lochs

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32
Q

What happens to hydrogen when it is formed in a reaction?

A

Hydrogen ions form hydrogen molecules

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33
Q

What is the test for hydrogen?

A

Burns with a pop

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34
Q

How is sulphur dioxide produced?

A

By the burning of fossil fuels

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35
Q

How is nitrogen dioxide produced?

A

By the sparking of air in car engines

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36
Q

How is acid rain made?

A

When sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide dissolves in water in the atmosphere

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37
Q

What does acid rain have a damaging effect on?

A

Buildings made from carbonate rock
Structures made of iron/steel
Plant/animal life

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38
Q

How can the concentration of acids/alkalis be calculated?

A

From the results of volumetric titrations

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39
Q

What is a salt?

A

A compound in which the hydrogen ions of an acid have been replaced by metal ions (or ammonium ions)

40
Q

How are salts formed?

A

In the reaction if acids with bases or metals

41
Q

What salt does hydrochloric acid form?

A

Chloride salts

42
Q

What does sulphuric acid form?

A

Sulphate salts

43
Q

What does nitric acid form?

A

Nitrate salts

44
Q

Which nitrogen salts are made by neutralisation reactions for use as fertilisers? (3 of them)

A

Ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and potassium nitrate (these salts are soluble in water)

45
Q

In preparation of a salt what is easier to use as a base?

A

An insoluble metal carbonate or metal oxide

46
Q

What happens in precipitation?

A

Two solutions react together to form an insoluble product called precipitate

47
Q

What can be formed from precipitation?

A

Insoluble salts

48
Q

Which reactions can spectator ions be identified in?

A

Neutralisation and precipitation (the equation can be written omitting these ions)

49
Q

How is a cell that makes electricity produced?

A

By connecting different metals together with an electrolyte

50
Q

What does sulphuric acid form?

A

Sulphate salts

51
Q

What does nitric acid form?

A

Nitrate salts

52
Q

Which nitrogen salts are made by neutralisation reactions for use as fertilisers? (3 of them)

A

Ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and potassium nitrate (these salts are soluble in water)

53
Q

In preparation of a salt what is easier to use as a base?

A

An insoluble metal carbonate or metal oxide

54
Q

What happens in precipitation?

A

Two solutions react together to form an insoluble product called precipitate

55
Q

What can be formed from precipitation?

A

Insoluble salts

56
Q

Which reactions can spectator ions be identified in?

A

Neutralisation and precipitation (the equation can be written omitting these ions)

57
Q

How is a cell that makes electricity produced?

A

By connecting different metals together with an electrolyte

58
Q

What is corrosion?

A

A chemical reaction which involves the surface of a metal changing from an element to a compound

59
Q

Do different metals corrode at different rates or the same rate?

A

Different rates

60
Q

What does the term rusting apply to?

A

The corrosion of iron

61
Q

What from the air is required for rusting? (2)

A

Water and oxygen

62
Q

What initially happens when iron rusts?

A

The iron loses 2 electrons to form iron(II) ions

63
Q

How does iron (II) ions change to iron (III) ions

A

Oxidation

64
Q

How are hydride ions formed by electrons lost by the iron during rusting?

A

By the electrons being accepted by the water and oxygen

65
Q

What leads to the electro chemical series?

A

The variation in voltage between different pairs of metals

66
Q

When do displacement reactions take place?

A

When a metal is added to a solution containing ions of a metal lower in the electro chemical series

67
Q

What can be established from the reaction of metals with acids?

A

The position of hydrogen in the electrochemical series

68
Q

How can electricity be produced in a cell?

A

By connecting two different metals in w solution of their metal ions

69
Q

When at least one of the half-cells doesn’t involve metal atoms, can electricity be produced?

A

Ye bro

70
Q

Where do electrons flow?

A

In the external circuit from the species higher in the electrochemical series to the one lower in the electrochemical series

71
Q

What’s the purpose of the iron bridge (salt bridge)

A

To allow the movement of ions to complete the circuit

72
Q

What’s oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons by a reactant in any reaction

73
Q

What’s reduction?

A

Gain or electrons by a reactant in any reaction

74
Q

What’s an example of oxidation?

A

A metal element reacting to form a compound

75
Q

What’s an example of reduction?

A

A compound reacting to form a metal

76
Q

What happens in a redox reaction?

A

Reduction and oxidation go on together

77
Q

What can be written for for oxidation and reduction reactions?

A

Ion-electron equations

78
Q

What can ion-electron equations be combined to produce?

A

Redox equations

79
Q

What happens during electrolysis? (Oilrig)

A

Oxidation occurs at the positive electrode and reduction occurs at the negative electrode

80
Q

What reacts with oxygen, water and dilute acid?

A

Metals

81
Q

What gives an indication of the reactivity of metals?

A

Differences in the reaction rates

82
Q

What are ores?

A

Naturally occurring compounds of metals

83
Q

Which metals can be found Uncombined in the earths crust?

A

The less reactive metals eg gold, silver, copper

84
Q

Which metals have to be extracted from their ores?

A

More reactive metals eg lithium, iron

85
Q

How are most metals extracted from their ores? (Except the most reactive)

A

With heat, some heat alone, others heated with other substances eg C, CO2

86
Q

How is iron extracted from its ore?

A

Produced in a blast furnace

87
Q

Which are the two key reactions which take place in a blast furnace?

A

Production of carbon monoxide and reduction of iron oxide

88
Q

How are the more reactive metals obtained from their ores?

A

Electrolysis

89
Q

What does acid rain do?

A

Increases the rate of corrosion

90
Q

What increases the corrosion on car bodyworks?

A

Salt spread on the roads

91
Q

What does electrons flowing to the iron prevent?

A

Rusting

92
Q

When does iron not rust?

A

When attached to the negative terminal of a battery

93
Q

When are anti-corrosion methods used?

A

In everyday situations

94
Q

What can galvanising and the use of scrap magnesium can result in what?

A

Electrons flowing to the iron giving sacrificial protection

95
Q

What happened when iron is attached to metals higher in the electrochemical series?

A

Electrons flow TO the iron

96
Q

What happened when iron is attached to metals lower in the electrochemical series?

A

Electrons flow FROM the iron

97
Q

Which ways can provide physical protection to iron by giving a surface barrier to air and water?

A 
Painting
Greasing
Electroplating 
Galvanising 
Tin-plating
Coating with plastic
98
Q

What does scratching the tinplate increase? (Iron)

A

The rate of rusting of iron!

Chemistry (5 decks)

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