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Chemistry > Chemistry Dictionary > Flashcards

Chemistry Dictionary Flashcards

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0
Q

Define: acidic oxides

A

Non-metal oxides which dissolve in water such as SO2 or NO2

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1
Q

Define: acid

A

A solution containing more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions (ph <7)

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2
Q

Define: alkali

A

A soluble base which when dissolved in water forms a solution containing more hydroxide ions that hydrogen ions (pH>7)

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3
Q

Define: alloys

A

A mixture of two or more metals (or carbon). The physical properties of individual metals are changed when made into an alloy

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4
Q

Define: ammonia

A

NH3, an alkaline has made by heating an ammonium salt with an alkali, eg ammonium chloride and sodium hydroxide

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5
Q

Define: anode

A

The positive electrode in electrolysis and where oxidation occurs

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6
Q

Define: anodising

A

A process used to thicken the protective oxide layer on aluminium

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7
Q

Define: atomic number

A

The no. Of protons in The nucleus of an atom

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8
Q

Define: base

A

A substance which reacts with an acid to produce a salt and water usually the oxide or hydroxide of a meta

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9
Q

Define: bitumen

A

The last fraction produced by the fractional distillation of oil with the highest melting/boiling point used for road and roofing

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10
Q

Define: carbohydrates

A

A group of carbon compounds with the general formula Cx(H2O)y which living organisms can use as an energy source by respiration

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11
Q

Define: cathode

A

The negative electrode in electrolysis and where reduction occurs

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12
Q

Cathodic protection

A

A method of protecting iron corrosion by making it the negative electrode of a cell. The iron becomes “coated” with electrons which stops it from losing its own, or from rusting

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13
Q

Define: coal

A

A fossil fuel formed from the remains of plants over millions of years at a high temperature and pressure

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14
Q

Define: coke

A

The product remaining after coal has been roasted in the absence of air to remove impurities such as sulphur

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15
Q

Define: concentrated solution

A

Contains a large amount of solute compared to the volume of solvent

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16
Q

Define: condensation polymer

A

A type of polymer in which the monomer units are joined together by a condensation reaction

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17
Q

Define: crystal

A

A three dimensional array (or network) of atoms, ions or molecules which repeats itself over and over to give a large unit which has flat sides and constant angles

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18
Q

Define: crystal lattice

A

The regular three-dimensional arrangement of partials (often ions) in a crystalline structure

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19
Q

Define: decomposition

A

The breaking down if a single compound into two or more products

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20
Q

Define: dehydrating reagent

A

A substance that is able to remove water from other chemicals

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21
Q

Define: delocalised electrons

A

Electrons that are not closely attached to particular atoms and so can move easily between atoms in a structure

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22
Q

Define: diamond structure

A

Carbon atoms covalently bonded in a tetrahedral structure giving great strength to the crystal. Non-electrical conductor, very hard and shiny

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23
Q

Define: diesel

A

A fraction obtained from crude oil distillation used in cars and trucks

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24
Q

Define: dilute solutions

A

Solution containing small amounts of solute compared to the volume of solvent

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25
Q

Define: disaccharide

A

A type of carbohydrate formed by the joining together of two monosaccharide molecules

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26
Q

Define: displacement reaction

A

A reaction in which a metal is formed from the solution of its ions by adding a metal higher in the electrochemical series

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27
Q

Define: distillate

A

The liquid that is collected after distillation

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28
Q

Define: Distillation

A

a physical method of separating a mixture of different liquids by using their different boiling points

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29
Q

Define: ductile

A

Describes a solid (metal) that can be drawn out into a wire without breaking

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30
Q

Define: electrode potential

A

A measure of how easily a metal forms ions in solutions

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31
Q

Define: electrolyte

A

A solution or metal that conducts electricity and is decomposed by it

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32
Q

Define: electron clouds

A

Are regions within the energy levels of an atom in which electrons can be found. Each electron cloud can hold a max of two electrons

33
Q

Define: electroplating

A

An electrolysis process that deposits a layer of metal on a negative electrode made from another metal

34
Q

Define: element

A

A substance that cannot be split up into simpler substances by chemical means. It contains only one type of atom and all its atoms have the same atomic number (no. Of protons)

35
Q

Define: empirical formula

A

Gives the simplest ratio of atoms (or ions) of the different elements present in the compound

36
Q

Define: end-point

A

The same as the neutralisation point in titrations

37
Q

Define: energy levels

A

The “layers of electrons around an atom

38
Q

Define: fermentation

A

A process by which carbohydrates are converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by enzymes found in yeast

39
Q

Define: ferroxyl indicator

A

A solution used in corrosion experiments with iron. It turns blue when iron is being oxidised and pink when reduction occurs

40
Q

Define: galvanising

A

Is the protection of iron by coating it with zinc

41
Q

Define: haber process

A

The industrial manufacture of ammonia (NH3) from hydrogen and nitrogen

42
Q

Define: homologous series

A

A group of carbon compounds with similar chemical properties that can be represented by General formula

43
Q

Define: hydrolysis

A

A chemical reaction in which a substance is broken down into smaller molecules by reacting with water

44
Q

Define: immiscible

A

When two liquids do not mix together but form two layers, one on top of the other

45
Q

Define: inert

A

Unreactive

46
Q

Define: insoluble

A

Substance is said to be insoluble if it does not dissolve in a solvent

47
Q

Define: isomer

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

48
Q

Define: isotope

A

Atoms of an element that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers bc they have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus

49
Q

Define: macromolecule

A

A very large molecule containing many atoms

50
Q

Define: malleable

A

Describes a solid (metal) that can be beaten out into sheets without breaking

51
Q

Define: mass spectrometer

A

An instrument used for finding the relative atomic mass of elements. It measures the amounts of the different isotopes of an element

52
Q

Define: miscible

A

Two liquids that Mix together completely

53
Q

Define: mobility of ions

A

A measure of how fast ions move during electrolysis

54
Q

Define: molarity

A

A measure of the concentration of a solution in moles per litre (mol l-1)

55
Q

Define: monosaccharide

A

A type of carbohydrate consisting of one saccharide unit per molecule eg. Glucose

56
Q

Define: natural gas

A

Fossil gas consisting mainly of methane

57
Q

Define: organic

A

Compounds containing carbon except carbon dioxide or carbonates

58
Q

Define: Ostwald process

A

The industrial manufacture of nitric acid (HNO3) from ammonia

59
Q

Define: oxidising agent

A

A substance that takes electrons from (oxidises) other substances. The oxidising agent itself is reduced

60
Q

Define: paraffin

A

A liquid fuel extracted from crude oil by fractional distillation. Used for lighting and cooking

61
Q

Define: petrochemical

A

A chemical that has been made from petroleum eg. Plastics

62
Q

Define: panar molecule

A

A flat molecule eg. Water

63
Q

Define: plastic

A

A common term used to describe polymers that can be moulded by heat or pressure

64
Q

Define: polymerisation

A

The process by which a polymer is formed

65
Q

Define: polysaccharide

A

A type of carbohydrate formed by joining together a large number of monosaccharide molecules eg. Starch

66
Q

Define: precipitate

A

An insoluble solid is formed when certain solutions are mixed

67
Q

Define: rate of reaction

A

A measure of how quickly a reaction is proceeding

68
Q

Define: reducing agent

A

A substance that gives electrons to (reducing) other substances. The reducing agent itself is an oxide

69
Q

Define: reducing sugar

A

A type of carbohydrate that gives a positive test with Benedict’s solution

70
Q

Define: reduction

A

A chemical change in which electrons are gained

71
Q

Define: refining

A

This involved the removal of impurities from q substance or the removal of components from a mixture

72
Q

Define: residue

A

The solid chemical left after a reaction or the solid substance that is trapped on filter paper after filtration

73
Q

Define: respiration

A

A process whereby carbohydrates are broken down to release energy in plants and animals

74
Q

Define: Sacrificial protection

A

A method of protecting metal by attaching it to a more reactive metal

75
Q

Define: saturated solution

A

A solution in which no more solute will dissolve at a given temperature

76
Q

Define: solute

A

The solid that dissolves in w solvent to form a solution

77
Q

Define: subatomic particles

A

The small units that make up the atom: protons, electrons, neutrons

78
Q

Define: synthetic polymers

A

Polymers that do not occur naturally

79
Q

Define: titre

A

The value of a titration in millilitres

80
Q

Define: triatomic molecule

A

A molecule with 3 atoms in it

Chemistry (5 decks)

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