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Chemistry > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

What’s a fuel?

A

A chemical which is burned to produce energy

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1
Q

Do esters float on water?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What’s another word for burning?

A

Combustion

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3
Q

What does a substance react with when it burns?

A

Oxygen

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4
Q

What’s the chemical compounds which are mainly found in oil and natural gas?

A

Hydrocarbons

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5
Q

What does a hydrocarbon contain?

A

Hydrogen and carbon only

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6
Q

What do hydrocarbons produce when burned in a plentiful supply of oxygen?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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7
Q

What’s the test for carbon dioxide?

A

Turns lime water milky

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8
Q

Are carbon and carbon monoxide poisonous gases?

A

Yeap

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9
Q

When are carbon and carbon monoxide produced?

A

When hydrocarbons burn in a supply of oxygen which is insufficient for complete combustion

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10
Q

How are nitrogen oxides (poisonous gas) formed?

A

Nitrogen and oxygen from the air react inside a petrol engine

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11
Q

What is released into the atmosphere from the burning of fuels?

A

Sulphur dioxide the poisonous gas

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12
Q

Whats produced by incomplete combustion of diesel (harmful) ?

A

Soot particles

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13
Q

How can air pollution from the combustion of hydrocarbons be reduced?

A

By the use of catalytic converters which speed up the conversion of pollutant gases to harmless gases

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14
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of?

A

Chemical compounds, mainly hydrocarbons

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15
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

The process used to separate crude oil into fractions according to the boiling points of the fractions

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16
Q

What’s a fraction?

A

A group of hydrocarbons with boiling points in a given range

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17
Q

Which properties are related to molecular sizes of the molecules within the fractions and the use of fractions? (4)

A

Ease of evaporation
Viscosity
Flammability
Boiling point range

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18
Q

What’s the homologous series?

A

A set of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties

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19
Q

What are subsets of the hydrocarbons? (3)

A

An alkane
An alkene
A cycloalkane

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20
Q

What are isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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21
Q

What can an alkanol be identified from?

A

The hydroxyl group and the “-ol” ending

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22
Q

What can an alkanoic acid be identified from?

A

The carboxyl group and the “-oic” name ending

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23
Q

What can an ester be identified from?

A

Estée group and “-oate” ending

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24
Q

How can an ester be named?

A

Given the names of the parent alkanol and alkanoic acid

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25
Q

What’s examples of saturated hydrocarbons? (2)

A

Alkanes and cycloalkanes

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26
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

Contains only carbon to carbon SINGLE covalent bonds

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27
Q

What’s an example of an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Alkene

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28
Q

What’s an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Contains at least one carbon to carbon DOUBLE covalent bond

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29
Q

What solution can be used to distinguish an unsaturated hydrocarbon from a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

Bromine solution

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30
Q

What reaction forms an alkane

A

An alkene reacting with a hydrogen

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31
Q

What are examples of addition reactions?

A

Alkene reacting with bromine, hydrogen and water

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32
Q

What does fractional distillation of crude oil yield?

A

More long-chain hydrocarbons than are useful for present day industrial purposes

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33
Q

What is cracking?

A

An industrial method for producing a mixture of smaller, more useful molecules, some which are unsaturated

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34
Q

What does the catalyst do?

A

Allows the reaction to take place at a lower temperature

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35
Q

What is used when carrying out cracking in a lab?

A

An aluminium oxide or silicate catalyst

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36
Q

What can ethanol ,for alcoholic drinks, be made by?

A

Fermentation of glucose derived from any fruit or vegetable

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37
Q

What does an enzyme in yeast act as?

A

A catalyst in fermentation

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38
Q

Is there a limit to the ethanol concentration of fermentation products?

A

Ye

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39
Q

What’s distillation?

A

A method of increasing the ethanol concentration or fermentation products in the manufacturing of ‘spirit’ drinks

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40
Q

What are the effects off taking excess alcoholic drinks?

A

It can have damaging effects in the mind and health

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41
Q

Why is ethanol made from other means than fermentation?

A

To meet market demands

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42
Q

How is industrial ethanol manufactured?

A

By the catalytic hydration of ethene

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43
Q

How can ethanol be converted to ethene?

A

By dehydration

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44
Q

What’s ethanol used for when it’s mixed with petrol?

A

Fuel for cars

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45
Q

Where is ethanol obtained from?

A

Sugar cane, a renewable source of energy

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46
Q

How are esters formed?

A

By the condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

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47
Q

What happened in a condensation reaction?

A

The molecules join together by the reaction of the functional groups to make water

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48
Q

What’s an ester link formed by?

A

The reaction of a hydroxyl group with a carboxyl group

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49
Q

Where can the parent carboxylic acid and parent alcohol be obtained by?

A

Hydrolysis of an ester

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50
Q

Is the formation and hydrolysis of an ester reversible?

A

Yeas

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51
Q

How are synthetic materials made?

A

By the chemical industry

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52
Q

What are most plastics and synthetic fibres made from?

A

Chemicals derived from oil

53
Q

What are examples of plastics? (8)

A 
Polythene
Polystyrene 
Perspex
PVC
Nylon
Bakelite
Formica
Silicones
54
Q

What are recently developed plastics? (2)

A

Kevlar, which is very strong

Poly(ethenol), which readily dissolves in water

55
Q

What are the everyday uses of plastics related to?

A

Their properties

56
Q

What are examples of synthetic fibres?

A

Polyesters: terylene, and nylon

57
Q

What’s the recently developed degradable plastic?

A

Bipol

58
Q

What are most plastics?

A

Non biodegradable and their low density and durability can cause environmental problems

59
Q

What do some plastics do when being burned/smouldered?

A

Give off toxic fumes including carbon monoxide

60
Q

What can the toxic gases given off during burning/smouldering be related to?

A

The elements present in the plastic

61
Q

What are the two types of plastic?

A

Thermosetting

Thermoplastic

62
Q

What’s thermosetting?

A

When a plastic cannot be reshaped from heat

63
Q

What’s thermoplastic?

A

When a plastic CAN be reshaped from heat

64
Q

What are plastics made up of?

A

Long chain molecules called polymers

65
Q

What are polymer molecules made from?

A

Many small molecules called monomers

66
Q

What are polymers made from?

A

Small unsaturated molecules produced by cracking by a process called addition polymerisation

67
Q

How do small unsaturated molecules join together?

A

By the opening of the carbon to carbon double bond

68
Q

What’s the name of the additional polymer related to?

A

The name of the monomer

69
Q

What are condensation polymers made from?

A

Monikers with two functional groups per molecule

70
Q

What’s an example of condensation polymers?

A

Polyesters

71
Q

What can an amine be identified from

A

The functional group

72
Q

What’s an example of condensation polymers?

A

Polyamides

73
Q

What’s the amuse link formed by?

A

A reaction. If an amine group with a carboxyl group

74
Q

What forms an important class of food made by plants?

A

Carbohydrates

75
Q

What supplies the body with energy?

A

Carbohydrates

76
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Compounds which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with the hydrogen and oxygen ratio of 2:1

77
Q

Why can carbohydrates be divided into?

A

Sugars and starches

78
Q

What are examples of sugars? (4)

A

Glucose
Fructose
Maltose
Sucrose

79
Q

What can sugars (except sucrose) be detected by?

A

The Benedict’s test

80
Q

What distinguishes starch from other carbohydrates?

A

The iodine test

81
Q

What are sugars?

A

Carbohydrates with small molecules

82
Q

What is starch?

A

A natural condensation polymer made of many glucose molecules linked together

83
Q

What do plants convert for storing energy?

A

Glucose into starch

84
Q

What happens during digestion?

A

Starch is hydrolysed to glucose which is carried by the blood stream to cells (where respiration occurs)

85
Q

How can starch be hydrolysed?

A

By acid and enzymes

86
Q

When do body enzymes function best at? (Temp)

A

Body temperature (destroyed at higher temperatures)

87
Q

What to proteins form?

A

An important class of food made by plants

88
Q

What are proteins use in the animal body?

A

The major structural materials of animal tissue and are involved in the maintenance and regulation of life processes and include enzymes, many hormones, eg insulin & haemoglobin

89
Q

What’s a protein?

A

Condensation polymers made of many amino acid molecules linked together

90
Q

What’s the structure of a section of protein based on?

A

The constituent amino acids

91
Q

What does the condensation of amino acids produce?

A

Peptide (amide) link

92
Q

How is the peptide link formed?

A

By the reaction of an amine group with a carboxyl group

93
Q

What builds up within the body?

A

Proteins specific to the body’s needs

94
Q

When does enzyme hydrolysis of dietary proteins produce amino acids?

A

During digestion

95
Q

What can natural fats and oils be classified according to?

A

Their origin as animal, vegetable, marine

96
Q

What’s the lower melting points of oils compared to those of fats related to?

A

The higher u saturation of oil molecules

97
Q

What does the conversion of oils into hardened fats involve?

A

The partial removal of unsaturation by addition of hydrogen

98
Q

What are fats and oils examples of?

A

Esters

99
Q

What do fats and oils in the diet supply the body with?

A

Energy an a more concentrated source of energy than carbohydrates

100
Q

What does the hydrolysis of fats and oils produce?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol in the ratio 3:1 mole of glycerol

101
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Saturated or unsaturated straight chain carboxylic acids, usually with long chains of carbon atoms

102
Q

Is there enough oxygen in the air for the test to be positive?

A

No

103
Q

What is a solution?

A

Is A mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent

104
Q

What’s it called when a substance which dissolves in a liquid?

A

Soluble

105
Q

What’s it called when a substance does not dissolves in a liquid?

A

Insoluble

106
Q

What’s a saturated solution?

A

One in which no more substance can be dissolved

107
Q

What’s a dilute solution?

A

It has a lower concentration of dissolved substance that a concentrated solution

108
Q

How is a solution diluted?

A

Adding more solvent

109
Q

What are symbols used to show?

A

The state of species

110
Q

How can reactions be followed

A

By measuring changes in concentration, mass, volume of reactants and products

111
Q

How can the average rate of reaction or stage in reaction be calculated?

A

From initial and final quantities and the time interval

112
Q

What can the rates of reaction be affected by?

A

Changes in: concentration
Particle size
Temperature

113
Q

What can the collision theory be used to explain?

A

The effects of concentration and surface area on reaction rates

114
Q

What are catalysts?

A

Substances which speed up reactions and aren’t used up by the reactions

115
Q

What can catalysts be classified as? (2)

A

Heterogeneous

Homogeneous

116
Q

What do heterogeneous catalysts work by?

A

The absorption of reactant molecules

117
Q

How can the surface activity of a catalyst be reduced?

A

By poisoning

118
Q

What can impurities in the reactants result in?

A

Industrial catalysts having to be regenerated or renewed

119
Q

What do catalytic converters do?

A

They are fitted to cars to catalyse the conversion of poisonous carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen to carbon dioxide and nitrogen

120
Q

What do cars with catalytic converters only use and why? (Petrol)

A

Lead-free petrol to prevent poisoning of the catalyst

121
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Catalyse the chemical reactions which take place in living cells of plants and animals

122
Q

What can atoms be held together by?

A

Bonds

123
Q

What is the relative atomic mass of an element? (Type of number)

A

Rarely a whole number

124
Q

What do most elements exist as?

A

A mixture of isotopes

125
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers

126
Q

What can atoms be represented by?

A

Nuclide notation

127
Q

What can be found from the atomic number and mass number?

A

Number of protons, neutrons and electrons

128
Q

What is every element made up of?

A

Very small particles crammed atoms

129
Q

What does the atom mass number equal?

A

The number of protons plus neutrons

130
Q

What do elements with the same number of outer electrons have?

A

Similar chemical properties

131
Q

What are the elements of the periodic table arranged in terms of? (2)

A

Their atomic number and chemical properties

Chemistry (5 decks)

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