Unit 3- 1906-1916 Flashcards
How many Dumas were there in this period?
4
when did the first Duma sit?
April - June 1906
when did the second Duma sit?
February- June 1907
when did the third Duma sit?
November 1907- June 1912
when did the fourth Duma sit?
November 1912- August 1914
how successful were the first Duma?
not successful
was the first duma predominantly left or right wing? and who had majority?
left wing
the kadets had majority
was the second duma predominantly left or right wing? and who had majority?
left wing
the Trudoviks were the largest
was the third duma predominantly left or right wing? and who had majority?
right wing
the octobrists had a slight majority over the Rightists
was the fourth duma predominantly left or right wing? and who had majority?
right wing
the Rightists had the majority
what did the first duma achieve?
the kadets demanded the power of the duma to be increased and elections should be universal and secretive, they also wanted guarantees of free speech and assembly. following this, the tsar dissolved the Duma. the kadets urged Russians to stop paying taxes but were dismissed. They were disbarred from re-election.
what did the second duma achieve?
The left made a fierce attack on the government ministers, they were known as known as the ‘Duma of national anger’. after only three months, the Tsar dissolved the Duma using the excuse of the discovery of a plot by social democrats to assassinate him
what did the third Duma achieve?
Main achievements included Stolypins land reforms, an education reform in 1908, improvements in the army and navy, the restoration of the Justices of peace, replacing the hatred land captains as well as a progressive national health insurance scheme
what did the fourth Duma achieve?
They continued support and money for the law of 1908, providing universal education. Their work involved reform of the orthodox church, yet nicholas made no final decisions until after the war. there was also talks of decreasing vodka consumption and criticisms of the Tsars handling of social unrest. In 1915 they gave the Tsar the opportunity to work with the people and the Duma were suspended.
what were the outcomes of all 4 Dumas?
1- they were dissolved and disbarred from re election
2- the Tsar dissolved the Duma using the excuse of an assassination plot
3- they were not disbanded
4- they were suspended but met a couple of times afterwards
did the Dumas cause Nicholas II to lose political authority?
no as the Tsar still had control over them and the authority to disband them as he pleased, maintaining his autocracy
when were the Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire?
April 23rd 1906
what were the Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire?
•supreme power is vested in the Tsar
•Tsar exercises the legislative power with the Duma
•the initiative in all branches of legislation belongs to the Tsar
•the Tsar approves of all the laws
•the Tsar appoints all members of the council
why was the first Duma not successful?
the Bolsheviks and SR’s boycotted it. It was very radical and was dismissed by the Tsar.
why was the Second Duma not successful?
The Bolsheviks and SR’s joined in and it was heavily left wing. The Dumas refused to work with Stolypin and was dissolved
what were the consequences of the Tsar changing the franchise in 1907?
peasants and workers had less say. nobles had more
how many pieces of legislation did the Third Duma pass?
They agreed 2200 of 2500 pieces of legislation
which Duma were the most successful?
the Third, the fourth one saw a decline in its influence
what happened to the economy post 1905 revolution?
the economy boomed both in terms of industry and agriculture
what percentage did the economy grow at between 1894-1913?
8%
what happened to railway trackage between 1894 and 1913?
it doubled
how many factories were there by 1908?
40,000
how many millions of tons of coal and oil were produced in 1910?
25 million tons of coal
12 million tons of oil
What were Stolypin’s reforms?
•peasants given the right to leave the commune
•collective ownership of land abolished
•new peasants bank set up
•Mir dissolved
when did Russia become the worlds largest producer of cereal?
1909
what percentage of farms were still strip farms by 1914?
90%
how did the population grow?
mass urbanisation saw towns and cities rapidly grow
when was a cholera outbreak?
1908-09
how many people died in St Petersburg died of cholera in 1908-09?
30,000
when did the Lena Goldfields Massacre happen?
1912
how many strikers died in the Lena Goldfields Massacre?
500
when did the first world war begin?
1914
what battle happened at the beginning of the war which ended badly for Russia?
the Battle of Tannenburg (August 1914)
how many died at the Battle of Tannenburg?
300,000
how many casualties were there after the war?
8 million
what did the zemstva establish?
the Union of zemstva to provide medical facilities
when was the union of zemstva established?
August 1914
why was the union of zemstva so significant?
it provided medical care and showed the zemstva that there was options other than to blindly follow the Tsar
what did the zemstva establish in 1915?
a Progressive Bloc and began calls for a constitutional monarchy
when did Nicholas become commander-in-chief?
September 1915
what did Nicholas becoming Commander-in-chief mean?
•he took on all responsibilities for the (failures) of the army
•he left behind his German wife Alexandria and Rasputin, a peasant mystic
after the start of the war, what percentage did living costs rise?
300%
when were the Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire published?
April 23rd 1906
what were the Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire?
•supreme power is vested in the Tsar
•Tsar exercises the legislative power with the Duma
•the initiative in all branches of legislation belongs to the Tsar
•the tsar approves all the laws
•the tsar appoints all members of the council
what can the Tsar do to the government?
he can rule by decree, he can suspend/ dissolve the government and discard their influence
how many factories and workers were there in 1887?
30,888 factories
1.3 million workers
how many factories and workers were there in 1887?
30,888 factories
1.3 million workers
when was sergei witte finance minister?
1892-1903
when was the trans-siberian railway constructed?
1902
when was Stolypin appointed?
1906
when was the Russo-Japanese war?
1906
how many factories and workers were there in 1908?
39,856 factories
2.6 million workers
what happened in 1910 regarding communes?
all communes which had not been redistributed since 1861 were dissolved
when did Russia have the second largest railway in the world?
1913
when was russia deemed the worlds fifth largest industrial power?
1914
how much did Russias economy grow by per annum between 1894-1913?
8% per annum
how did the industry improve between 1894-1914?
•russias economy grew at 8% per year between 1894-1913
•railway trackage doubled
•coal output in southern Russia tripled
•foreign investment soared from 28 million roubles in 1895 to 2000 million roubles in 1914
how did the railways improve between 1894-1914?
•the state bought out smaller companies
•this opened up the interior of the country and allowed them to exploit raw materials
•building them stimulated coal and steel industries
•by 1913, despite growth slowing, they had the 2nd largest rail network in the world
what percentage of Russia did the rural population take up?
80-90%
how were the Mir slowing down agricultural development?
by
•not buying new technology
•not releasing land
•not letting people leave the commune
by 1913, how many requests for consolidation of land had been dealt with?
1.3 million in out of 5 million requests
by 1914 what percentage of land had been distributed by the Mir?
10%
why was the economy weak in the 1890s?
rising interest rates
slackening in international investment
productivity remained low, grain prices fell
well below average harvests
what was the relationship between the railway and the economy?
just as rapidly as railway construction had stimulated so many sectors of the economy in the 1890s, a slackening of construction had adverse repercussions throught the economy
what does the rise in emigration to Siberia suggest?
a rapid rise in emigration to siberia is not only evidence of the impact of the Trans-siberian railway, but also of agrarian distress in many parts of Russia at this time
between 1900 and 1913 what did the price of industrial products rise by?
41%
reasons why another revolution was inevitable post 1914
•strikes were becoming more prevalent
•support for Bolsheviks increased
•stolypins land reforms proved divisive
•the repression of 1906-07 was fresh in people’s memories
•1905-6 army usage and subsequent reforms had weakened the reliability of the army as an instrument of control
•Lena Goldfields massacre stimulated a need for revolution
•economy not favourable for peasants
•30,000 died of cholera 1908-09
•90% of land was still strip farms
•literacy rates increasing so new ideas about democracy spread
•proletariat had a strong influence in the zemstva
how many strikes were there in 1911 compared to 1914?
1911- over 450 strikes
1914- over 3,500 strikes
in 1911 how many strikes were recorded as political compared to 1914?
1911- 24
1914- 2,400
when was the general strike in st petersburg?
July 1914, this involved barricaded and street fighting
when was the Lena Goldfields Massacre?
April 1912
when was there an outbreak of cholera?
1908-09
how many died from the cholera outbreak of 1908-09
30,000
reasons why Russia was not building towards a revolution post 1914 (it was becoming stable)
•the economy was improving
•the strikes were predominantly about pay and working conditions, only a few engaged in radical activity
•liberal opposition was weak and divided and not in a position to cause the regime much trouble
•the Social Revolutionaries had been infiltrated by the Okhrana
•The bolsheviks had also been infiltrated by the Okhrana, Lenin was abroad and the other leaders were in exile
•cutting the period of service in the army to three years brought the army more into civilian society
what percentage of the population were literate in 1914?
60%
what were the limitations of the education system 1900-1914?
rural areas often lacked access, Tsar cut back on women’s educational opportunities, secondary and higher education remained elitest
in St Petersburg, what percentage of houses had no running water?
40%
in 1914 how many weapons were there for every soldier?
2 weapons for every 3 soldiers
how much did the price of food rise by between 1914 and 1916?
it quadrupled
how many casualties were there from the war?
over 8 million
when did Nicholas become personally in charge of the army?
1915
when is Rasputin murdered?
1916
when were the fundamental laws?
April 1906
says tsar can exercise ‘supreme autocratic power’
how many km of railway reach did a russia have in 1914?
how did peasant life improve post 1905?
•mir system and collective ownership of land by families was abolished in 1906
•redemption payments were abolished by 1907
•new peasants land bank established
peasant ownership of land increased from what in 1905 to what in 1915?
20% in 1905
50% in 1915
around how many peasants moved to siberia around 1905-1915?
3.5 million
by 1914 what percent of land had been transferred to communal to private ownership?
10%
by 1914, how much of peasant land were still strip farms?
90%
by 1914 factory workers were what percentage of the population?
10%
what did peasant provision rise to in this period?
85%
