facts for essay plans Flashcards
how did lenin maintain the centralised one-party structure?
•july 1918- the congress met rarely which gave the Sovnarkom executive authority
•1921 ban on factions
•refused to co-align with other parties
what was stalin’s new constitution?
•1936 constitution
•seemed to increase democracy and weaken the dictatorship. It promised more civil rights.
-this was only to impress foreigners, the promised rights were largely ignored
how did the role of congresses change between lenin and stalin?
•under lenin annual congresses voted for their leaders, however under stalin they were less regular and there were none between 1939 and 1952
what did stalin do in terms of the Nomenklatura in 1923?
•the nomenklatura was extended by stalin to give him control over all aspects of society
•he appointed members loyal to him so he could exercise control over them
who did lenin target in his opposition in comparison to stalin?
lenin targeted mostly ideological and political opposition while stalin extended intimidation and subversion to regular citizens
what were the 3 opposition groups between 1894 and 1914?
•liberal opposition
•socialist revolutionary party
•social democratic workers party
who was a famous liberal who made the ideas more popular?
Tolstoy
what was the main liberal hub called?
the Beseda Symposium
what was the Beseda Symposium?
•the main liberal hub
•it was formed in 1899 and met in secret to discuss matters of liberals interest
•later, the union of liberation gained more influence and it held a grand meeting in 1904
why were liberals ineffective/ effective opposition?
•effective as they managed to avoid police attention
•however this was because they weren’t much of a threat
•yet they did contribute to the momentum for change
why did the liberals have limited political influence before 1906?
•even with the dumas they were severely restricted in their powers as the tsar could choose to resort to emergency powers
what was a blow to the liberals movement?
•the failure of the Vyborg manifesto, resulted in a number of kadets being arrested
•tsarist policy made the dumas become more passive
what did the famine of 1891-92 do for the socialist revolutionary party?
•it revived the theories of agrarian socialism
•socialism was growing in popularity with industrialisation
who were the significant people that the socialist revolutionary party assassinated and when?
•the minister of education in 1901
•stolypin in 1911
how many assassinations did the socialist revolutionary party carry out between 1901 and 1905?
2000
reasons why the socialist revolutionary party were not successful
•the SR party we’re not united and never even held a congress until 1906
•they were not diverse and were dominated by urban workers (50% of their members)
•the secret police infiltrated some sections of the SR’s and 4579 were sentenced to death from 1905-1909
what percentage of the socialist revolutionary party was made up of urban workers?
50%
how many socialist revolutionaries were sentenced to death from 1905-1909?
around 4500
what happened to the social democratic workers party’s first congress and when?
•the first congress was broken up by Okhrana agents
•in 1898
what did the social democratic workers party split to and when?
•1906
•mensheviks and bolsheviks
why was the opposition from the social democratic workers party limited?
•first congress split up by the okhrana
•severely divided, in 1906 split into the bolsheviks and the mensheviks
•they were weakened by the exile of their leaders and the activity of the secret police
reasons why the social democratic workers party did cause the tsarist regime a threat
•the bolsheviks experienced a revival in the 1910s when they took over many legal institutions from the mensheviks and gained six deputies in the fourth Duma
how many kulaks did stalin’s dekulakisation remove?
10 million
they were the most productive agricultural workers so it damaged the industry
what was the most significant famine under stalin?
•1932 in Ukraine
•approximately 10 million died
