Unit 3 Flashcards
Start of the Space age
Oct 4th 1957
with the launch of sputnik 1
England and Australia
Rocket development was crucial for the UK
but no place in the UK
so they established a rocket testing facility in Woomera, South Australia (name Skylark)
Military and Science flights have been there since the 1950s
Canada
Black Brant
Result of Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment (CARDE)
4th country to operate a satellite
Operational for 10 years
1957
Sputnik 1: start of the space age
Sputnik 2: first living creature in space
* Laika the dog
Vanguard tv-3: complete failure
US response to Sputnik
a year later in 1958
successfully launched a satellite Explorer 1
using the Juno 1 rocket (Von Braun design)
Formation of NASA
President Eisenhower
singed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Act (NASA)
Mercury 7
NASAs first astronaut selection
The famed “Right stuff”
All military test pilots
Luna 2
Soviet impactor probe
impacted the moon
1959
Luna 3
Took images of the Lunar farside
1959
Space Race
1961, the Soviet Union launched the first human into space
* Yuri Gagarin
Us responded with NASA flying Alan Shepard as a sub-orbital flight
More importantly, it empowered President John Kennedy to commit the US to a moon landing “by the end of the decade” in 1961
Mercury 13
NASA didn’t let women be astronauts until 1978
13 women passed the same test that Mercury 7 experienced
* Wakky Funk only member of the 13, flew into space in 2021
Venera 1 and Mariner 2
Both Flew by Venus in 1961 and 1962
First Woman in Space
Valentina Tereshkova (1963)
Soviet Union
First Walks in space
Alexi Leonov (soviet union)
Ed White (US)
Mariner 4
flyby of Mars 1965
First lunar landing
Luna 9 (soviet)
The first successful soft landing on the moon
Lunar Mission
Luna 1958 - 1975
* 15 of 44 successful missions (Flyby, Orbit, Landing)
* Soviet
Ranger 1961 - 1965
* 4 of 7 successful hard impact missions
* US
Spin-Offs
even though the space age was short its implications were very helpful
- Weather satellites
- Worldwide communication became easier
- Encouraged lower-mass electronic components
Apollo 1 and Soyuz 1
The tragic incidents of both spacecraft led to significant changes and improvements in human spaceflight
Saturn V rocket
development under the guidance of Wernher von Braun
Only launcher to date that has carried humans beyond Earth’s orbit
had a perfect flight record of 13 out of 13
Humans on the moon
Apollo 11 (1969)
* with Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins were the first to walk on the moon
6 successful mission to the surface of the moon
* 12 people walked, ran, and drove
We haven’t been back since 1972
Apollo Leagacy
Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17
* All made it to the moon and
* Brought back 400kg of rocks
only Apollo 13 didn’t make it to the moon
Soviet on the moon
Although the soviet space program did not ever land people on the moon
But they had impressive missions on the moon
* Luna 15 a sample return mission
* Luna 16 returned 101gm of lunar soil to Earth
the next most valuable mission arguably are the “Roving” missions
Planetary exploration: Venus
Following the flyby mission in the 1960s
First successful soft landing occurred with Venera 7 (soviet) in 1970
- The probe only survived 53min (20min)
- Venus has a carbon dioxide atmosphere
- Surface temp of 475C
- Atmospheric pressure 90 time Earth
Planetary exploration: Mars
In 1971
multiple missions to Mars
* Mariner 9 orbited Mars
* Mars 2 and 3 crashed into mars
* Mars 3 landed and transmitted for 110s
After the space race
Everyone turned their attention to space stations and orbiting habitats
And reusability and cost efficiencies
First space station
Salyt 1
* 1971
* 6 months
* Controlled de-orbit
Skylab
Utilize leftover hardware from the Apollo program
It was an orbiting Workshop
Crashed (uncontrolled)
Space Shuttle Development
Space transportation system (STS)
1981 - 2011 with 5 shuttles
flew 136 missions and carried 355 astronauts
Referred to as a space truck
it didn’t fly higher than LEO
Generated cost-effective access to LEO
First atmospheric and landing flight for Enterprise 1977
Planetary Exploration: Jupiter
Pioneer 19 was the first mission venture beyound the Main asteroid belt and visit Jupiter 1972
First spacecraft to achieve escape velocity from the solar system
Planetary exploration: Mercury
Mercury is a difficult planet to reach despite being relatively close to Earth
Mariner 10 launched in 1973 and was the first spacecraft to fly by multiple planets
Apollo - Soyuz
In 1975
first crewed international mission between the soviet union and the US
The orbital docking of Apollo and Soyuz is considered the end of space race
Planetary exploration: mars
Viking program (NASA) 1976 with 2 landers
45 years since the biking program many missions from NASA, ESA, India, UAE, and China have deployed assets into orbit as well as onto the ground
European Space Agency (ESA)
An early version of ESA was formed in March 1964
ESA with its current 22 nation associates formed in 1975
Space shuttle era
1981 - 2011
started with the launch of space shuttle Columbia
Shuttle
launched with a rocket but flew like a glider after re-entry and touched down on a runway
No parachute landings like Apollo or Soyuz
the shuttle is reusable but costly
solid rocket boosters are also reusable
First US woman in space
Sally Ride 1983
Shuttle Accomplishments
launched missions such as
* Galileo (Jupiter)
* Magellan (Venus)
* Hubble space telescope
* Repair mission to HST
* Assembled the International Space station
Shuttle Disasters
Shuttle challenger STS 51L (1986)
* 73 seconds into flight one SRBs slammed into the external fuel tank
* All 7 astronauts died.
Shuttle Columbia STS 107 (2003)
* piece of ice foam slamming into it 8s second after launch
* All 7 astronauts died
Challenges to Mars Exploration
Russia is to still land on Mars and transmit data for more than 110s
Autonomous landing sequence (7min of terror)
Sample return mission planned by the end of 2020s or early 2030
Benefits of space exploration
Industry worth billions to the economies
* high paying jobs
Planetary exploration: Jovian Worlds
Pinonner 10 explored the solar system beyound the Main Asteroid Belt
To date this region has only been explored by NASA
New horizon
2006
Jupiter gravity assist
Pluto’s Arrival 2015
Kuiper belt reconnaissance 2019
Kuiper belt object Arraktoh (Froamlly Ultima Thule)
images from new horizon 2019
Most distant solar system object imaged from a spacecraft
Other mission of note
Giotto
* Spacecraft (ESA) intercepted and imaged comet hally March 1986
Ulysses
* Spacecraft (NASA/ESA) flew over both poles of the sun between 1990 and 2009
Stardust
* Spacecraft (NASA) was a sample return mission collecting dust from interplanetary space and Comet Wild 2 between 1999 and 2006
Genesis
* (NASA) collected samples of the sun’s solar wind
Dawn
* (NASA) used ion propulsion to orbit both asteroid Vesta and Dwarf Planet Ceres
Hayabusa
* (JAXA) was a sample return mission to asteroid Itokawa
Space telescopes
Hubble
* Most famous
At least 15 gamma-ray wavelength observations
At least 35 x-ray wavelength observations have been launched
James Web Space Telescope (JWST)
* Most anticipated telescope to date
* took over 20 years and 10 billion dollars to build
* launched in 2021 and first images came out in 2022
India in space
ISRO in 1969
Japan in Space
JAXA 2003
private Industry
over the past 20 years, nonstate entities have become a part of the exploitation of space, particularly LEO
ex.
* SpaceX
* Blue Origin, …
