Unit 2 Flashcards
Aspiration to fly:
Leonardo Da Vinci (15th century): Flying machines
Kepler (17th century): Somnium; science fiction exploring soace travel
First Ballon with people
In Gondola
1783
Developed by Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Etienne Montgolfie
First Rockets
10th-century China, known as fire arrows
Gunpowder propelled
used in warfare
Conard Haas
Mid-16th Century Rockets
variety of rocket techniques even multistage rocket systems and liquid fuels
Willam Moore
was the first person to use Newton’s 3rd law to better explain rocket dynamics and propulsion in 1813
Willam Leitch
Proposed using rockets to achive spaceflight in 1861
before this rockets were military concern
Julies Gabriel Verne
significant influence on people’s thinking about spaceflight
19th Century
Herbert George Wells
19th-20th Century
Fueled public interest in the possibilities of space exploration
“Shakespeare of Science Fiction”
Founders of modern rocketry
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (Russian)
Quian Xuesen (Chinese)
Hermann Oberth (German)
Fritz von Opel (German)
Wernhger Von Braun (German)
Robert H. Goddard (American)
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:
Father of spaceflight
Propsed Space elevator
Rocket Equation in 1897
Rocket Equation
1897
Delta-v = change in the rocket speed
V e = exhaust velocity
M 0, m f = initial and, final masses of the rocket
bigger m 0 = bigger delta v
used to design rockets capable of reaching specific velocities required for space travel, considering factors like payload mass, fuel efficiency, and the gravitational forces they need to overcome.
Mass Ratio
m 0 / m f
The higher the mass ratio, the better
Mass Fraction
m f/ m 0
The smaller the mass fraction the better
Rocket Thrust (Force)
A rocket thrust occurs when we consume fuel faster
Staging
Allows us to discard unnecessary mass this is not needed for the rest of the flight into orbit
It is more efficient as it carries less mass, and does not start at a speed of 0
Serial: Stage 1, stage 2, …
parallel: Like serial staging But with additional strap-on rocket boosters
Hot: The first stage hasn’t finished when 2nd stage starts
Anatomy of a rocket
The fule/propellant:
The major component (most of the rocket mass)
Generates thrust and allows the rocket to move
The Rocket Body:
Structure to hold everything
The Payload:
Satellites or people
we want to minimize rocket structure mass and maximize the payload mass
The mass ratio should be as large as possible for the maximum payload
Staging
allows us to discard unnecessary mass (rocket structure) that is not needed for a flight into orbit
It’s carrying less mass, and it’s not starting at a speed of 0, so it’s way more efficient
Serial: Stage 1, stage 2, …
Parallel: Like serial staging But with additional strap-on rocket boosters
They can discharge during other stages
Hot: The first stage hasn’t finished when 2nd stage starts
Wright Brothers
First to fly in the atmosphere
1903
Robert Esnauly-Pelterie
Independently published rocket equation
Experimented with rocket propulsion in 1931
Rober Hutchings Goddard
over 200 patents
The first solid fuel (powder) rocket was launched in 1915
Liquid-fueled rockets using gasoline in 1921
His work was criticized by new york times
Hermman Oberth
Rocket Car
helped work on the V2 in 1941
Joined NASA after World War 2
Wenher Von Braun
Developed the V2 rocket:
Used to bomb London
started modern rocketry
Developed Saturn V:
The multistage rocket that took humanity to the moon in 1969
most powerful rocket ever built until Falcon heavy and space launch system
Rocket Development 1950s
V2 was used to take photos of Earth from the atmosphere
The rockets were getting better
leading to Jupiter c then Juno 1
Juno rocket carrying Explorer 1 into orbit in Jan 1958
Theodore von Karman
space starts ~100 km above mean sea level (Name Karaman Line)
Aerodynanamics stop and astronautics starts
Lift Equation
L = 1/2 p v^2 S C * L
Lift >= weight for horizontal flight
L = lift force
P = air density
V = aircraft speed
S = aircraft wing area
C>L = lift coefficient
Lift versus orbital motion
with increasing altitude, atmospheric air density decreases
after a point aircraft has no more lift capacity
at this altitude it’s not aerodynamics but rather astronautics
Free Molecular Flow
When atmospheric density is sufficiently low molecules essentially travel in straight lines with minimal to no collision
~75-80 km above sea level
Where are you an astronaut
FAI at 100km
FAA and US army 80km
Astronaut
“Star sailor”
human traveling space
Astronauts (US, ESA) cosmonauts (Russia), Taikonauts (China)
Geostationary orbit
appears stationary above the head
orbital inclination is 0 (above earth’s equator)
Known officially as Clarke Orbit
The higher the orbit the longer time taken to complete a revolution around the earth
Geosynchronous orbit
Low inclination orbit about Earth
23 hours 56 min 4 seconds to orbit Earth
Moves with respect to an observer on the surface of the earth
