Unit 2

Question 1

Aspiration to fly:

Answer 1

Leonardo Da Vinci (15th century): Flying machines

Kepler (17th century): Somnium; science fiction exploring soace travel

Question 2

First Ballon with people

Answer 2

In Gondola

1783

Developed by Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Etienne Montgolfie

Question 3

First Rockets

Answer 3

10th-century China, known as fire arrows

Gunpowder propelled

used in warfare

Question 4

Conard Haas

Answer 4

Mid-16th Century Rockets

variety of rocket techniques even multistage rocket systems and liquid fuels

Question 5

Willam Moore

Answer 5

was the first person to use Newton’s 3rd law to better explain rocket dynamics and propulsion in 1813

Question 6

Willam Leitch

Answer 6

Proposed using rockets to achive spaceflight in 1861

before this rockets were military concern

Question 7

Julies Gabriel Verne

Answer 7

significant influence on people’s thinking about spaceflight

19th Century

Question 8

Herbert George Wells

Answer 8

19th-20th Century

Fueled public interest in the possibilities of space exploration

“Shakespeare of Science Fiction”

Question 9

Founders of modern rocketry

Answer 9

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (Russian)

Quian Xuesen (Chinese)

Hermann Oberth (German)
Fritz von Opel (German)
Wernhger Von Braun (German)

Robert H. Goddard (American)

Question 10

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:

Answer 10

Father of spaceflight

Propsed Space elevator

Rocket Equation in 1897

Question 11

Rocket Equation

Answer 11

1897

Delta-v = change in the rocket speed
V e = exhaust velocity
M 0, m f = initial and, final masses of the rocket

bigger m 0 = bigger delta v

used to design rockets capable of reaching specific velocities required for space travel, considering factors like payload mass, fuel efficiency, and the gravitational forces they need to overcome.

Question 12

Mass Ratio

Answer 12

m 0 / m f

The higher the mass ratio, the better

Question 13

Mass Fraction

Answer 13

m f/ m 0

The smaller the mass fraction the better

Question 14

Rocket Thrust (Force)

Answer 14

A rocket thrust occurs when we consume fuel faster

Question 15

Staging

Answer 15

Allows us to discard unnecessary mass this is not needed for the rest of the flight into orbit

It is more efficient as it carries less mass, and does not start at a speed of 0

Serial: Stage 1, stage 2, …

parallel: Like serial staging But with additional strap-on rocket boosters

Hot: The first stage hasn’t finished when 2nd stage starts

Question 16

Anatomy of a rocket

Answer 16

The fule/propellant:
The major component (most of the rocket mass)

Generates thrust and allows the rocket to move

The Rocket Body:
Structure to hold everything

The Payload:
Satellites or people

we want to minimize rocket structure mass and maximize the payload mass

The mass ratio should be as large as possible for the maximum payload

Question 17

Staging

Answer 17

allows us to discard unnecessary mass (rocket structure) that is not needed for a flight into orbit

It’s carrying less mass, and it’s not starting at a speed of 0, so it’s way more efficient

Serial: Stage 1, stage 2, …

Parallel: Like serial staging But with additional strap-on rocket boosters
They can discharge during other stages

Hot: The first stage hasn’t finished when 2nd stage starts

Question 18

Wright Brothers

Answer 18

First to fly in the atmosphere

1903

Question 19

Robert Esnauly-Pelterie

Answer 19

Independently published rocket equation

Experimented with rocket propulsion in 1931

Question 20

Rober Hutchings Goddard

Answer 20

over 200 patents

The first solid fuel (powder) rocket was launched in 1915

Liquid-fueled rockets using gasoline in 1921

His work was criticized by new york times

Question 21

Hermman Oberth

Answer 21

Rocket Car

helped work on the V2 in 1941

Joined NASA after World War 2

Question 22

Wenher Von Braun

Answer 22

Developed the V2 rocket:
Used to bomb London

started modern rocketry

Developed Saturn V:
The multistage rocket that took humanity to the moon in 1969

most powerful rocket ever built until Falcon heavy and space launch system

Question 23

Rocket Development 1950s

Answer 23

V2 was used to take photos of Earth from the atmosphere

The rockets were getting better

leading to Jupiter c then Juno 1

Juno rocket carrying Explorer 1 into orbit in Jan 1958

Question 24

Theodore von Karman

Answer 24

space starts ~100 km above mean sea level (Name Karaman Line)

Aerodynanamics stop and astronautics starts

Question 25

Lift Equation

Answer 25

L = 1/2 p v^2 S C * L

Lift >= weight for horizontal flight
L = lift force
P = air density
V = aircraft speed
S = aircraft wing area
C>L = lift coefficient

Question 26

Lift versus orbital motion

Answer 26

with increasing altitude, atmospheric air density decreases

after a point aircraft has no more lift capacity

at this altitude it’s not aerodynamics but rather astronautics

Question 27

Free Molecular Flow

Answer 27

When atmospheric density is sufficiently low molecules essentially travel in straight lines with minimal to no collision

~75-80 km above sea level

Question 28

Where are you an astronaut

Answer 28

FAI at 100km

FAA and US army 80km

Question 29

Astronaut

Answer 29

“Star sailor”

human traveling space

Astronauts (US, ESA) cosmonauts (Russia), Taikonauts (China)

Question 30

Geostationary orbit

Answer 30

appears stationary above the head

orbital inclination is 0 (above earth’s equator)

Known officially as Clarke Orbit

The higher the orbit the longer time taken to complete a revolution around the earth

Question 31

Geosynchronous orbit

Answer 31

Low inclination orbit about Earth

23 hours 56 min 4 seconds to orbit Earth

Moves with respect to an observer on the surface of the earth