Unit 3 Flashcards
The Structure of the Earth, Heat Transfer, Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, Earthquakes.
Transfer of thermal energy in a fluid in which warmer fluid rises and cooler fluid sinks.
Convection
Convection Current
Transfer of heat form a warmer substance to a cooler substance through direct contact.
Conduction
Transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves also high energy particles and rays emitted from the nuclei of radioactive.
Radiation
Outermost, rocky layer of Earth
Crust
Amount of mass in a given volume, found by dividing the mass of the object by its volume.
Density
Innermost part of Earth, made of solid iron and nickel.
Inner Core
A layer of Earth’s surface, lying just below the curst and above the inner core.
Mantle
A layer inside Earth between the mantle and inner core, which has some properties of a liquid.
Outer Core
Seismic wave that squeezes and pushes rocks in the same direction that the wave travels.
Primary Waves
Known as a P-wave
Seismic wave that causes rock particles to move at right angles to the direction of the wave.
Secondary Waves
Known as a S-wave.
Way of measuring the severity of earthquakes based on the energy released.
Richter Scale
A wave of energy passing through Earth caused by an earthquake.
Seismic Waves
Instrument used to measure horizontal or vertical motion during an Earthquake.
Seismometer
Hypothesis that continents were once part of a single landmass that broke apart and moved to their present positions.
Continental Drift (A. Wegener’s Theory)
The hypothesis that one new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and destroyed at deep trenches; occurs in a continuous cycle of magma intrusion and spreading.
Seafloor Spreading (H. Hess’ Theory)
Undersea mountain range that forms where two parts of Earth’s crust and pushing apart.
Mid-ocean ridge
Formed where two sections of Earth’s crust and colliding.
Convergent Boundary
Forms where lithospheric pluteus are moving away from each other.
Divergent Boundary
Boundary between two lithospheric plates where the plates are sliding past each other.
Transform-Boundary
Valley that forms on land at a place where two plates are moving apart.
Rift Vally
An are at a convergent plate boundary where an oceanic plate is being forced down into the mantle beneath another plate. These can be identified by a zone of progressively deeper earthquake.
Subduction Zone
A giant dangerous ocean wave triggered by an earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption; sometimes called tidal waves.
Tsunami
Energy travelling as waves passing through Earth, caused by sudden shift along a fault line or by volcanic activity.
Earthquake
Point on Earth’s surface directly above the location (Focus) of an earthquake.
Epicenter
A type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth’s surface.
Surface Waves
Crack within Earth’s rocky crust, where rock has been fractured and where rocks move past each other.
Fault
Point within the Earth where an earthquake took place.
Focus
Stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle.
Tension
Stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks.
Compression
Stress that pushes masses of rock in opposite directions in a side ways movement.
Shear
A force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume.
Stress
The large hole at the top of a volcano formed when the roof of a volcano’s magma chamber collapses.
Caldera
Hill or mountain formed by material that erupts onto Earth’s surface; caused by action of magma below surface.
Volcano
Molten rock material pushed up from a volcano or crack in the Earth; magma that has reached the surface.
Lava
Molten rock that makes up Earth’s mantle and becomes igneous rock when it cools.
Magma
The pocket beneath a volcano where magma collects.
Magma Chamber
The expulsion of ash, cinders, bombs, and gases during an explosive volcanic eruption.
Pyroclastic Flow
The opening through which molten rock and gas leave a volcano.
Vent
A liquid’s resistance to flowing.
Viscosity
Rock, mineral, and volcanic glass fragments smaller than 2 millimeters in size that are blown from the vent of an erupting volcano. It’s produced by the shattering of rocks during an eruption and by magma being ejected as a fine spray- propelled by volcanic gas escaping from the vent.
Ash
A tubelike structure that allows lava to reach the surface.
Conduit
A conical hill produced by eruption of ash, cinders, as lava.
Cone
