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Radiation Protection > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A term that is synonymous with loss of hair is

A

Epilation

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2
Q

Some mutations in genetic material occur spontaneously, without a known cause. In humans, a hereditary disorder is present in approximately____ of all live births in the United States.

A

10%

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3
Q

The light localizer must be within what percentage of the SID?

A

2%

NOTE:
Tape measure or laser distance must be accurate within 2% of SID.
Centering indicator must be accurate to within 1% of SID.

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4
Q

A variation of 10% or less is considered acceptable when verifying a machine’s ____

A

Exposure linearity

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5
Q

The regulation responsible for ensuring that each patient should get the right imaging exam, at the right time, and with the right dose is?

A

The White Paper

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6
Q

Based on recent data, the threshold for single exposures to cause cataract is

A

0.5 Gy

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7
Q

The use of high-level fluoroscopy for extended periods of time can result in which of the following?

  1. ARS
  2. Repair of damaged chromosomes
  3. Radiation induced skin injuries
A

3 only

ARS- Acute Radiation Syndrome (Early Somatic Effect- Large whole body exposures)

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8
Q

Early tissue (deterministic) reactions may include:

  1. Nausea
  2. Decreased sperm count
  3. Epilation
  4. Cancer
A

1, 2, and 3

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9
Q

Radium watch dial painters ingested large quantities of radium in the 1920s causing

A

Osteoporosis- disease that causes bone mass decrease

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10
Q

The x-ray tube protective housing is designed to

  1. Restrict off focus radiation
  2. Restrict radiation leakage
  3. Filter out low energy photons
A

1 and 2 only

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11
Q

Another method health care institutions have established to ensure that personnel dose limits do not approach EfD limits is through the use of

A

Action limits

NOTE: Once 10% of annual exposure dose limit is exceeded, facility triggers an investigation.

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12
Q

For persons with hematopoietic syndrome, survival time shortens as the radiation dose

A

Increases

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13
Q

During a fluoroscopic examination, a resettable cumulative timing device measures the x-ray beam-on time and sounds an audible alarm or in some cases temporarily interrupts the exposure after the fluoroscope has been activated for what length of time?

A

5 minutes

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14
Q

All are considered stochastic effect of radiation EXCEPT.

A

Nausea

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15
Q

Fluoro Units with High Level Control may have an exposure rate of as high as ____ with 12” above table top

A

176 mGy

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16
Q

Based on the diagram A above, #3 represents a dose response curve that is referred to as:

A

Nonlinear threshold

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17
Q

ALARA is referred to as Optimization radiation protection

A

True

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18
Q

The term used to describe the routine practice of overexposing patient to avoid repeats while using digital imaging is referred to as:

A

Dosage creep

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19
Q

Based on the diagram A above, #2 is considered

A

linear threshold

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20
Q

According to the NCRP Report No. 116, which of the following is the monthly equivalent dose limit for pregnant workers?

A

0.5 mSv

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21
Q

Early tissue reaction may appear within

  1. Minutes
  2. Years
  3. Hours
A

1 and 3

22
Q

What are the benefits of using pulsed/intermittent fluoroscopy during a fluoroscopy procedure?

A

Extends tube life and decreases patient dose

23
Q

Based on the diagram A above, #3 is representative of:

A

cataractogenesis

24
Q

Which radiation protection organization evaluates human and environmental ionizing radiation exposures from a variety of sources and derive risk assessment for radiation induced cancer and genetic effects?

A

UNSCEAR

25
Q

Determine the cumulative effective dose (CumED) limit to the whole body of an occupationally exposed person who is 46 years old.

A

460 mSv

NOTE: Age in years x 10 mSv

26
Q

Which of the following late effects caused by exposure to ionizing radiation is considered to be most important?

A

Cancer

27
Q

The science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population is referred to as:

A

Epidemiology

28
Q

The annual effective dose limit for occupational workers is

A

5 rem (50 mSv)

29
Q

The lead organization responsible to provide radiation protection guidance is the

A

ICRP

30
Q

What is the mean value of the radiation doubling equivalent dose for humans, as determined from studies of the children of the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

A

1.56 Sv

31
Q

What is the total filtration necessary for x-ray units operating at 50 kVp-70 kVp?

A

1.5 mm aluminum

NOTE:
Below 50: 0.5 mm
50-70: 1.5 mm
Above 70: 2.5 mm

32
Q

Which of the following combinations of technical exposure factors and filtration reduce patient radiation dose during a radiographic exam?

A

higher kVp, lower mAs, increased filtration

33
Q

Atrophy refers to

A

Shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received

34
Q

Based on the diagram A above, which dose response curve represents cancer induction and genetic mutation?

A

1

35
Q

The enforcing agency that regulate the design and manufacturing of electronic products including radiographic equipment is

A

FDA

36
Q

If a person receives radiation exposure sufficient to cause the gastrointestinal syndrome, fatality occurs primarily because of

A

catastrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal track, resulting in the death of the exposed person within 3 to 5 days from a combination of infection, fluid loss, and electrolytic imbalance.

37
Q

Which of the following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome?

A

Carcinogenic syndrome

38
Q

What determines the rate of production of chromosome aberrations?

  1. The total radiation dose given to a somatic cell
  2. The total radiation given to a genetic cell
  3. The period of time in which radiation dose was delivered
A

1, 2, and 3

39
Q

Irradiation of gonadal tissue from ionizing radation at any dose may result in:

A

Genetic effects

40
Q

The most radiosensitive period during pregnancy is the

A

First trimester

41
Q

Occasional exposure for the purpose of education and training is permitted, provided that special care is taken to ensure that the annual effective dose limit of ____ is not exceeded for persons under the age of 18 years.

A

1 mSv annually

42
Q

The term LD 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to

A

50% of the exposed population within 30 days.

43
Q

The risk model that predicts the number of excess cancers will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases with advancing age in a population is

A

Relative risk model

NOTE: Absolute risk model- estimates that a specific number of malignancies will occur as a result of exposure

44
Q

Which regulation establishes the minimum standards for accreditation of education programs for radiographers?

A

The Consumer Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981

45
Q

Leukemia and Genetic mutations are considered random effects

A

True

46
Q

A radiation safety officer in a health care facility must have sufficient authority, organizational freedom, and management prerogative to

  1. identify radiation safety problems.
  2. initiate, recommend, or provide corrective action.
  3. stop unsafe operations involving by-product material.
  4. verify implementation of corrective actions.
A

1, 2, 3, and 4

47
Q

The concept that claims there is benefits to small amounts of radiation exposure is referred to as

A

Radiation hormesis

48
Q

Which of the following is NOT a x-ray beam limitation device?

A

Inherent filtration

49
Q

Radiographic grids should be employed when a body part is

A

Thicker than 10 cm

50
Q

Which dose is found to depress the male sperm population?

A

0.1 Gy

Radiation Protection (4 decks)

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