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DevBio ni Ma'am K > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

first known study of comparative anatomy was undertaken by _________

A

aristotle

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2
Q

some animals are born from eggs

A

oviparity

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3
Q

some live by birth

A

viviparity

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4
Q

some by producing an egg that hatches inside the body

A

ovoviviparity

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5
Q

two major cell division patterns by which embryos are formed

A

holoblastic and meroblastic pattern of cleavage

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6
Q

he concluded that all animals, even mammals, originate from eggs.

A

William Harvey

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7
Q

Ex ovo omnia means ___________

A

all from the egg

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8
Q

he published the first microscopic account of chick development

A

Marcello Malphigi

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9
Q

the egg or sperm contains an embryo

A

preformationism

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10
Q

a preformed miniature infant or ___________ that simply becomes larger during development

A

homunculus

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11
Q

a period of rapid cell division without growth

A

cleavage

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12
Q

cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells called ____________

A

blastomeres

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13
Q

this is a ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity

A

blastula

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14
Q

this is a fluid-filled cavity in blastula

A

blastocoel

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15
Q

the eggs and zygotes of many animals except _________ have a definite polarity

A

mammals

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16
Q

it is defined by the distribution of yolk with the vegetal pole having the most yolk and the animal pole having the least

A

polarity

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17
Q

the distribution of yolk with the most yolk

A

vegetal pole

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18
Q

the distribution yolk with the least yolk

A

animal pole

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19
Q

the cleavage furrow extends through entire egg

A

holoblastic cleavage

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20
Q

eggs undergoing partial cleavage, resulting in unequal blastomeres

A

Meroblastic cleavage

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21
Q

two types of meroblastic cleavage

A

Discoidal and superficial

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22
Q

this is limited to a small disc of cytoplasm at the animal pole

A

discoidal cleavage

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23
Q

this is limited to a thin surface area of cytoplasm that covers the entire egg

A

superficial cleavage

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24
Q

types of eggs under holoblastic cleavage

A

isolecithal, mesolecithal, telolecithal, centrolecithal

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25
Q

they have small amount of yolk that is equally distributed in the cytoplasm

A

isolecithal eggs

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26
Q

they have a moderate amount of yolk, and the yolk is present mainly in the vegetal hemisphere

A

mesolecithal eggs

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27
Q

they have a large amount of yolk that fills the cytoplasm, except for a small area, the animal pole

A

telolecithal

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28
Q

they have a lot of yolk that is concentrated within the center of the cell

A

centrolecithal eggs

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29
Q

the process by which cells occupy their appropriate locations involves; gastrulation and organogenesis

A

Morphogenesis

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30
Q

the movement of cells from the blastula surface to the interior of the embryo

A

gastrulation

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31
Q

this is the formation of the organs

A

organogenesis

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32
Q

having two germ layers

A

diploblast

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33
Q

having three embryonic germ layers

A

triploblasts

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34
Q

what are the three embryonic germ layer of triploblast?

A

Acoelomates, coelomates, pseudocoelomates

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35
Q
  • this is the epidermis of ski and its derivatives (including sweat glands, hair follicles)
  • pituitary gland, nervous and sensory system, jaws and teeth, germ cells
A

Ectoderm

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36
Q
  • this is the middle layer of the embryo
  • skeletal and muscular system, circulatory and lymphatic system, excretory and reproductive system, dermis of skin, adrenal cortex
A

Mesoderm

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37
Q
  • this is the inner layer of embryo
  • epithelial lining of digestive tract and associated organs
  • epithelial lining of respiratory, excretory, and reproductive organs, thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands
A

Endoderm

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38
Q

types of cell arrangement in the embryo

A

epithelial cell and mesenchymal cell

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39
Q

these are tightly connected to one another in sheet or tubes

A

epithelial cells

40
Q

they are unconnected or loosely connected to one another and can operate as independent units

A

mesenchymal cells

41
Q

what are the gastrulation cell movements

A

invagination
involution
delamination
epiboly
ingression

42
Q

infolding of epithelium, mesenchymal is present

A

invagination

43
Q

inward movement of expounding outer layer/ external cell

A

involution

44
Q

splitting of one to more parallel shape

A

delamination

45
Q

epithelial sheath movement, to enclose deeper cell
- formation of ectoderm

A

epiboly

46
Q

there is a migration from surface to embryo’s interior
- formation in mesoderm

A

ingression

47
Q

where does gastrulation begins in sea urchins

A

vegetal pole of the blastula

48
Q

this is the newly formed cavity

A

archenteron

49
Q

archenteron is the newly formed cavity and will open and will form ________

A

blastophore

50
Q

it open from mouth to anus

A

protosome

51
Q

it opens from anus to mouth

A

deuterostome

52
Q

the part above the crease is called the _______ _____ of the blastophore

A

dorsal lip

53
Q

the midline thickens and is called the _____________

A

primitive streak

54
Q

it contributes to the sac that surrounds the yolk and a connection between the yolk and the embryo, but do not contribute to the embryo itself

A

hypoblast cells

55
Q

humans eggs have _______ yolk

A

very little

56
Q

it is the human equivalent of the blastula

A

blastocyst

57
Q

this is a cluster of cells at one end of the blastocyst

A

inner cell mass

58
Q

it is the outer epithelial layer of the blastocyst and does not contribute to the embryo, but instead initiates implantation

A

tropoblast

59
Q

embryos are surrounded by a fluid in sac called _______

A

amnion

60
Q

this protects the embryo from dessication and allows reproduction on dry land

A

amnion

61
Q

mammals and reptiles including birds are called ________

A

amniotes

62
Q

it forms from mesoderm and later on will become neural tube

A

notochord

63
Q

it begins as cells from the dorsal mesoderm form the notochord

A

Neurulations

64
Q

the neural tube will become _________

A

CNS

65
Q

it develops along the neural tube of vertebrates and form various parts of the embryo

A

neural crest cells

66
Q

mesoderm lateral to the notochord forms blocks called ________

A

somites

67
Q

he recognized that there is a common pattern to all vertebrate development

A

Karl Ernst von Baer

68
Q

Von Baer laws

A
  1. general features of large group of animals appear earlier in development than specialized features of smaller group
  2. less general characters develop from the more general until most specialized appear
  3. embryo of a given species instead of passing through the adult stages of lower animals, departs more and more
  4. early embryo of higher animal is never like a lower animal, only like its early embryo
69
Q

it is a major force in changing cell shape during development

A

reorganization of the cytoskeleton

70
Q

it promotes elongation of the archenteron in the sea urchin embryo

A

cytoskeleton

71
Q

the rearrangement of cells of a tissue that cause it to become narrower and longer

A

convergent extension

72
Q

this is the meshwork of secreted glycoproteins and other macromolecules lying outside the plasma membrane of cells

A

ECM

73
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

74
Q

it is used to describe the process by which a cell or group of cells becomes committed to a particular fate

A

determination

75
Q

resulting specialization in structure and function

A

differentiation

76
Q

diagrams showing organs and other structures that arise from each region of an embryo

A

fate maps

77
Q

researchers were able to determine the lineage of each of the ___ somatic cells in the worm

A

959

78
Q

they are specialized cells that give rise to sperm or eggs

A

germ cells

79
Q

it persist throughout development, and can be detected in germ cells of the adult worm

A

P granules

80
Q

what are the axis formations?

A

right-left axes
anterior-posterior axes
dorsal-ventral axes

81
Q

axis formation that is largely symmetrical

A

right-left axis

82
Q

axis formation that is not determined until fertilization

A

dorsal-ventral axis

83
Q

it is involved in establishing the anterior-posterior axis

A

gravity

84
Q

he performed experiments to determine a cell’s developmental potential

A

Hans Speman

85
Q

the first two blastomeres of the frog embryo ate ________

A

totipotent

86
Q

They transplanted tissues between early gastrulas and found that the transplanted dorsal lip triggered a second gastrulation in the host

A

Speman and Mangold

87
Q

it functions as an organizer of the embryo body plan, including changes in surrounding tissues to form notochord, neural tube, so on

A

dorsal lip

88
Q

development of spatial organization

A

pattern formation

89
Q

the molecular cues that control pattern formation are called ________

A

positional information

90
Q

it is thickened ectoderm at the bud’s tip

A

apical ectoderm ridge

91
Q

it is mesodermal tissue under the ectoderm where the posterior side of the bud is attached to the body

A

zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)

92
Q

It is an inductive signal for limb development

A

Sonic hedgehog

93
Q

it plays a role during limb pattern formation

A

hox genes

94
Q

it is essential for proper specification of cell fate in the human embryo

A

ciliary function

95
Q

it play roles in left-right specification

A

motile cilia

96
Q

play roles in normal kidney development

A

Monocilia

DevBio ni Ma'am K (15 decks)

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