Chapter 14- Reporting Flashcards

1
Q

it was influenced by heat during intercourse and the environment, to the modern understanding that it is primarily determined by the X and Y chromosomes.

A

Sex determination

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2
Q

carries a gene that encodes
a testis-determining factor, crucial for male sex determination

A

Y chromosome

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3
Q

An individual with any number of
X chromosomes and a Y chromosome will be
_______, while an individual with only X
chromosomes will be _______, but a second X is
needed for a complete ovary

A

male, female

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4
Q

involves the development of non-gonadal sexual characteristics, which are typically influenced by hormones and paracrine factors from the gonads.

A

secondary sex determination

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5
Q

The sex of the offspring is
determined at fertilization by whether the egg
receives a second X (female) or a Y (male)
chromosome.

A

Primary sex determination

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6
Q

cells that form testis cords and also secrete a factor that blocks female duct development and supports sperm production

A

sertoli cells

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7
Q

cells that produce
testosterone

A

Leydig cells

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8
Q

It accumulate near the
outer surface of the
gonad and become ova

A

germ cells

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9
Q

remains intact
and differentiates into the
oviducts, uterus, cervix,
and upper vagina

A

Mullerian duct

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10
Q

a protein crucial for testis determination

A

Sox9

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11
Q

the sex determining gene on the Y chromosome

A

SRY gene

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12
Q

Two pathways of pathway for organogenesis

A

Male pathway and female pathway

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13
Q

act to block the ovary forming pathway, probably by blocking the function of
|3-catenin.

A

Sox9 and Fgf9

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14
Q

is also critical in ovary formation,
since in human case studies several XX
individuals with RSPOl gene mutations became males.

A

R- spondin

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15
Q

One possible target for β-catenin is the gene
encoding _________

A

TAFII105

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16
Q

is another gene that is strongly
upregulated in ovaries

A

FoxL2

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17
Q
  • it causes proliferation of the Sertoli cell
    precursors and stimulates their differentiation
  • activates the migration of endothelial cells from the adjacent mesonephros into the XY gonad
A

Fgf9

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18
Q
  • the necessary to make the bipotential gonad.
  • a critical link between SRY and the male developmental pathway
A

steroidogenic factor1 (Sf1)

19
Q

is often called an “intersex”
but prefer to these conditions “disorders of sex development”

A

Hermaphrodites

20
Q
  • is sex-determining genes that located on
    the X chromosomes.
  • is overproduced and the gonads develop into ovaries despite the presence of the Y chromosomes
A

DAX1

21
Q

are involved in male sex determination
throughout the animal kingdom

A

Dmrt (double sex and mab-3-related transcription factor)

22
Q

is the formation of either an
ovary or a testis from the bipotential gonad

A

Primary sex determination

23
Q

They cannot respond to testosterone but can
respond to estrogen, so they
develop female secondary sex
characteristics

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

24
Q

where male and female
traits are present in the same individual, are a
significant phenotype

A

intersex conditions

25
Q

where the fetus is male but gonadally female, is often caused by overproduction of androgens in the ovary or adrenal gland, often due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which lacks an enzyme for testosterone metabolism.

A

female pseudohermaphroditism

26
Q

is a primary masculinizing factor,
but may not be the active masculinizing
hormone in certain tissuesT

A

testosterone

27
Q

is a growth and differentiation factor from the TGF-p family secreted from fetal Sertoli cells, causing Mullerian duct degeneration

A

Anti-Mullerian factor (AMF)

28
Q

is crucial for fertility in both males and
females, influencing the development of the
Mullerian and Wolffian ducts

A

Estrogen

29
Q

are regions of the brain that regulate
involvement during the fetal or
neonatal stages of sexual development

A

estrogen and estradiol

30
Q

play a significant role in sexual
behaviors in rodents.

A

pheromones

31
Q

an enzyme induced by estrogen, which increases the production of
PGE2.

A

prostaglandin E2

32
Q

X chromosome contains genes encoding
transcription factors that activate the critical
gene in Drosophila sex determination, the
autosomal locus

A

Sex-lethal (Sxl)

33
Q

gene is a gene in fruit flies that
helps determine their sex. It is responsible for
controlling whether a fruit fly develops as a male or a female.

A

Sex-lethal (Sxl)

34
Q

active only in cells with two X
chromosomes (XX)

A

early promoter

35
Q

active in both XX and XY cells

A

later promoter

36
Q

three major targets of sex-lethal

A
  1. The pre-mRNA of Sxl itself
  2. The msl2 gene that controls dosage
    compensation
  3. The pre-mRNA of transformer (tra)
37
Q

is active in both
males and females, but its primary transcript is processed in a sex specific manner.

A

doublesex (dsx) gene

38
Q

a gene expressed in certain sets of neurons
involved with male sexual behaviors

A

fruitless

39
Q

➢ Below 28°C, all the turtles
hatching from the eggs will be male.
➢ Above 31°C, every egg gives rise
to a female

A

red-eared slider turtle

40
Q

➢ Female at either cool (22°C or
lower) or hot (28°C or above)
temperatures
➢ Male between 22°C and 28°C

A

macrolemys

41
Q

➢ Temperatures above 30°C produces all females
➢ Temperatures below 25°C produce all-male
broods
➢ The threshold temperature (at which the sex ratio is even) is 28.5°C

A

European pond turtle

42
Q

is influenced by
temperature, with low levels favoring male
development and higher levels favoring female development

A

aromatase activity

43
Q

a class of widespread pollutants introduced into the environment by humans, can act as
estrogens

A

polychlorinated biphenyl compounds