Chapter 18- Reporting Flashcards
– the ability of an organism
to react to an environmental input with a
change in form, state, movement, or rate of
activity
phenotypic plasticity
refers to the ability of
an organism to adapt and change its physical
characteristics or behavior in response to
environmental cues or stimuli during its
development
developmental plasticity
the genome encodes
potential for a continuous range of potential
phenotypes, and the environment the individual encounters determines the phenotype.
reaction norm
refers to discontinuous
phenotypes elicited by the environment
polyphenisms
- The phenomenon where an organism’s
physical characteristics or traits are
influenced by its diet.
diet- induced polyphenisms
is determined by diet-induced changes in
DNA methylation patterns
honeybee caste
A phenomenon where an organism exhibits
traits in response to the presence of
predators. This adaptation allows the
organism to better survive and avoid
predation
predator- induced polyphenisms
chemicals that are
released by a predator and can induce
defenses in its prey
kairomones
it can act as an environmental factor that
influences various aspects of life, including
sex determination in certain species
temperature
an individual’s sexual behavior usually
corresponds with its reproductive organs
environmental determination of sex
the process of adding a molecule (methyl group) to DNA that can alter how genes are
expressed.
DNA methylation
was conducted to observe how
maternal grooming affects DNA
methylation and behavior in adult rats.
Epigenetic Programming
by Maternal Behavior
provides remarkable examples of
phenotypic plasticity.
* New neurons are generated during this
process.
learning
transmits electrical impulses via two
optic nerves that converge at the optic
chiasm, delivering signals to both
hemispheres of the brain.
retina
This process is facilitated by the lateral
geniculate nuclei, which ensure that each
eye’s input is kept distinct, enabling
binocular vision and depth perception
experiential changes
They sewed shut the right eyelids of newborn kittens and left them closed for three months.
Hubel and Wiesel
Two principles govern the patterning of the
mammalian visual system:
- neuronal connections involved are present even before animal sees
- experience plays a crucial role in determining whether or not certain connections persist
- which allows many species
of insects and mammals to survive harsh
conditions. - a suspension of development that
can occur at the embryonic, larval, pupal, or
adult stage, depending on the species.
diapause
cues beginning before the
severe conditions arise
presage
the sperm are
stored for later use
delayed fertilization
the blastocyst remains unimplanted in the uterus, and the rate of cell division diminishes.
delayed implantation
embryos conceived in autumn will be born in spring rather than winter
season diapause
the ability of marine larvae to
suspend development until they experience a
particular environmental cue.
larval settlement
are responsible for regulating the larval settlement process in many
marine invertebrate
biofilms
They will change their
development according to an
environmental stress
spadefoot toad
denotes the intimate
interrelationship between organisms of
disparate species.
* Typically, one organism assumes the role of
the host, while the other serves as the
symbiont, often displaying a significant size
differential.
symbiosis
types of symbiosis
parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism
Characterized by one partner
benefiting at the expense of the other,
exemplified by instances such as tapeworm
infestations within the human digestive tract
parasitism
Signifying a reciprocal
beneficial association, as seen in the
partnership between the Egyptian plover
and the Nile crocodile.
mutualism
Reflecting a relationship
where one participant derives benefit
without causing harm to the other, albeit
with few occurrences presenting as truly
neutral.
commensalism
Refers to the scenario wherein one cell
resides within another, elucidating the
evolutionary origins of eukaryotic cell organelles.
endosymbiosis
Importance of symbiosis
- vital for terrestrial existence
- conversion of atmospheric nitrogen and indispensable symbioses between fungi and plants
- Refers to the transfer of symbionts from one
generation to the next via germ cells,
typically eggs
vertical transmission
utilized host cell mechanisms to
travel into developing oocytes, eventually
becoming endosymbionts.
wolbachia
- Involves the acquisition of symbionts after
birth, either from the environment or other
members of the species. - is essential for
symbiotic gut bacteria in many animals,
including humans.
horizontal transmission
secretes fragments of its cell
wall, including tracheal cytotoxin and
lipopolysaccharide, to induce host changes
Vibrio fischeri
Benefits of symbiosis
- gains a habitat and expresses light- generating enzymes
- develops light organ, enabling nocturnal swimming in shallow waters without casting shadows.
species rely on each
other to the extent that neither can survive
independently.
obligate developmental mutualism
a potent herbicide, can disrupt
obligate mutualisms by killing algal
symbionts essential for oxygen supply to
amphibian and snail eggs.
atrazine
a human parasite, relies on
Wolbachia bacteria for development.
filariasis worm
has occurred, with mammalian
cells primed to bind to bacteria, inducing
gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells.
coevolution
crucial for mucosal immunity and oral immune tolerance, is dependent on intestinal microbes
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) maturation
play a significant role in inducing the host’s immune system
bacterial polysaccharide-A (PSA)
