Chapter 17- Reporting Flashcards
The field of developmental biology
offers valuable lessons for ____________________________, particularly in the context of
morphogenesis and tissue
maintenance, which are essential for
therapeutic applications.
o Application: Embryonic stem cell
therapy
regenerative
medicine
Developmental biology provides
insights into how organisms grow and
develop, offering valuable knowledge
on the origins of diseases and potential
treatment strategies.
disease understanding
Understanding the intricate processes
of development at the molecular and
cellular levels provides valuable insights
that can be harnessed for drug
discovery and treatment strategies
development of new drugs
deletion or addition of
genes called ___________
chromosomal event
gene having a multiple effect to multiple
phenotypic traits, called _________________
pleiotropy
what are the two types of pleiotropy?
mosaic and relational pleiotropy
- effect is produced
independently by the same
expression of gene. - a gene is independently expressed in multiple tissues
mosaic pleiotropy
is need for proliferation of blood stem cells,
pigment stem cells and germ
stem cells. Thus, in mutants of
this gene there is anemia,
sterility and albinism
KIT gene
- abnormal tissue can affect
other normal tissue, even if not
expressing particular gene - a gene is needed by only one
particular tissue
relational pleiotropy
- when same phenotype (or disease)
are produced by a single gene that undergo
different mutation
genetic heterogenity
when the same genes can
produce different defects (or differing severities on the same defect) in different individuals
phenotypic heterogenity
what are the developmental aspects of diseases?
- Genetic Syndrome
- Teratogenesis
- Endocrine Disruption
- Cancer
- A disease of development where focus on
mutations alteration the development on a
deleterious way - A syndrome that based on genetics can
caused either the deletion or addition of
genes called chromosomal event and by
one gene having a multiple effect.
genetic syndrome
environmental substances
cause birth defects.
teratogenesis
is any agent that physically
or chemically alters developmental
processes and produces congenital
deformities.
teratogen
is responsible for releasing hormones that direct various aspects of activities in the body such as growth and metabolism.
endocrine system
natural or human-made chemicals that
may mimic, block, or interfere with the
endocrine system hormones of the body.
endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)
can be seen as a result of altered
development. Many endocrine disruptors
are known to cause tumors as well as
developmental abnormalities, and this
is increasingly being studied as a disease of
development.
cancer
formation of new blood vessels.
These blood vessels can then be used to supply blood to tumor and the tumor could secrete molecules such as VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor).
angiogenesis
is a signal protein produced by cells
that stimulates the formation of blood
vessels. It’s important in wound healing,
development, and certain diseases like
cancer where tumors stimulate blood vessel
growth to feed themselves.
Vascular Endothelial
Growth Factor (VEGF)
drugs that prevent/inhibit angiogenesis activity. Some are
already FDA-approved for human use
angiogenesis inhibitors
tyrosine kinase inhibitor,
medication used in the treatment of
advanced renal cell carcinoma (kidney
cancer)
axitinib
VEGF inhibitor, medication
used in the treatment of various cancers,
including colorectal cancer, lung cancer,
kidney cancer, ovarian cancer, and certain
types of brain tumors.
bevacizumab
tyrosine kinase inhibitor,
medication used in the treatment of certain
types of cancer, including advanced renal
cell carcinoma (kidney cancer), hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer),
and medullary thyroid cancer.
cabozantinib
- Inability to achieve/sustain pregnancy.
- Can be caused by regular unprotected
sexual intercourse - NOT a disease, but a reproductive disorder
or medical condition - Failure of ovulation, physical blockage,
sperm defect
infertility
two types of assisted reproduction technology (ART)
o Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
o Conventional In vitro Fertilization (IVF)
In vitro fertilization
assisted reproduction technology (ART)
four steps of assisted reproduction technology (ART)
o Ovarian Stimulation
o Eggs retrieval, aspiration
o Fertilization, sperm collection and
“washing”
o Embryo transfer
Procedure in which a single sperm is
injected directly into an egg
o In vitro fertilization, Type of ART
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
During in vitro fertilization, eggs are
removed from sacs called follicles within an
ovary. It is then transferred to a donor ovary of healthy status for a new place to grow upon.
ovary transfer
are pluripotent cells that
have the ability to differentiate into any type of
cell in the body
embryonic stem cells
Applications of regenerative medicine
- Heart disease
- Neurological disorders
- Diabetes
- Organ failure
