unit 3 Flashcards
trail of tears
united states government forcibly removed the southeastern Native Americans from their homelands and relocated them on lands in Indian Territory
reservation system
made to put Native Americans under U.S. government control and in specific areas, minimize conflict between Indians and settlers and encourage Native Americans to take on the ways of the white man
industrial revolution
shifted societies from an agrarian economy to a manufacturing economy where products were no longer made solely by hand but by machines.
inventions
RAILROADS, steel usage, camera, bike, light, car.
free enterprise
when people can own a business to make a profit, buy and sell goods, or work for wages with little gov interference.
laissez faire
when the US gov would leave ppl and businesses alone.
horizontal integration
simple takeover of smaller competing companies
vertical integration
taking over all things having to do with your product. (ex. mining, manufacturing & distribution)
transcontinental railroad
railway line that connected the eastern and western coasts of the United States
working conditions in IR
horrible. long hours, little/no pay, unsanitary, unsafe, child labor.
labor unions
large groups of workers, usually in a similar trade or profession, that join together to protect the workers’ rights
immigration
moving/settling to a country/region that one is not native to. COMING IN.
emigration
leaving your native country to live somewhere else. LEAVING.
migration
moving from one place to another. MOVING.
old immigrants
from germany, england, and ireland. (1800s-1880s) (>10 million people)
new immigrants
from south + east europe (greece, polantd, russia, italy, czecoslovakia.) also from china + japan. (1890-1810). (~12 million people)
why come to US?
econ opportunity, jobs, religious freedom, personal liberties, education.
ellis island
east coast immigration system. had immigrants coming from europe. good treatment, health checks/screenings.
angel island
west coast immigration system. had immigrants coming from asia. horrible conditions, rape, racism, molestation.
nativism
political policy of promoting or protecting the interests of “native-born” or established inhabitants over those of immigrants
assimilation
the process of becoming similar to others by taking in and using their customs and culture.
melting pot
all cultures come together + mix making a new culture. doesnt allow for cultural individuality.
cultural pluralism
all cultures keep their roots but connect by common beliefs; “cultural diversity.”
chinese exclusion act (1882)
forbade chinese immigration for 10 years.
gentlemen’s agreement (1907)
japan agreed to forbid emigration so US won’t restrict/cause racism against japanese.
urbanization
population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas
tenements
poor urban housing with multiple families sharing a common area and unsafe/unsanitary conditions.
political machines
organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives (money, political jobs) and is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity.
gilded age
a period where greedy, corrupt industrialists, bankers and politicians enjoyed extraordinary wealth and opulence at the expense of the working class. CORRUPTION COVERED IN GOLD.
social darwinism
survival of the fittest. if you run a better business, you are a better person.
settlement houses
organizations/houses that provided support services to the urban poor and European immigrants.
civil services vs. spoils system
civil services: body of government officials who are employed in civil occupations that are neither political nor judicial
spoils system: practice in which the political party winning an election rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and with other favours.
populism
a political movement that tried to help out the nation’s struggling farmers.
inflation
overall general upward price movement of goods and services in an economy.
deflation
a decrease in the general price level of goods and services.
Farmer’s condition in the late 1800s
economic hardships from declining prices, high tariffs, high interest, mechanization. environmental struggles such as drought, plagues.
progressivism
use the gov. to fix the problems made by IR.
17th amendment
granted citizens the power to directly elect their senators.
muckrakers
journalists and novelists of the Progressive Era who sought to expose corruption in big business and government.
