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Botany (BIOL 231) > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Embryo

A

A young, developing plant

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2
Q

Cotyledon

A

seed leaves

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3
Q

Seed coat

A

product of the integuments

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4
Q

Plumule

A

embryonic shoot/stem

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5
Q

Radicle

A

embryonic root

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6
Q

Scutellum

A

single cotyledon

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7
Q

Coleorhiza

A

the sheath investing the radicle in some monocotyledonous plants through which the roots emerge

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8
Q

Epicotyl

A

the portion of the axis of a plant embryo or seedling above the cotyledonary node

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9
Q

Hypocotyl

A

all parts of the embryo under the cotyledons

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10
Q

Primary meristems

A

protoderm, ground meristem, procambium

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11
Q

Protoderm

A

dermal tissue

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12
Q

Ground meristem

A

ground tissue

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13
Q

Procambium

A

vascular tissue

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14
Q

Apical meristem

A

region of cells capable of division and growth in the root and shoot tips in plants, does primary growth

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15
Q

Lateral meristem

A

a meristem that is arranged parallel to the sides of an organ and that is responsible for increase in diameter of the organ, does secondary growth

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16
Q

Primary growth

A

-plants get taller (stems and roots)
-elongation of the root and shoot apical meristems

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17
Q

Secondary growth

A

-plants get wider
-elongation of the root and shoot lateral meristems

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18
Q

Seed dormancy

A

the state in which seed is unable to germinate, even under ideal growing conditions

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19
Q

Taproot

A

elongation of the radicle

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20
Q

Branch/lateral roots

A

extend from center vascular tissue

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21
Q

Fibrous roots

A

radicle dies, stem produces roots

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22
Q

Adventitious roots

A

roots produced by the stem

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23
Q

Root cap

A

protects root atypical meristem

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24
Q

Zone of cell division

A

apical and primary meristems

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25
Q

Zone of elongation

A

-weaken cell wall to allow elongation
-pressure in central vacuole decreases as cell elongates, allowing cell wall to weaken
-cells elongate, moving the root deeper

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26
Q

Zone of maturation

A

differentiation

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27
Q

Epidermis

A

plant skin, outer protective layer

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28
Q

Cortex

A

ground tissue

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29
Q

Pith

A

a usually continuous central strand of spongy tissue in the stems of most vascular plants that probably functions chiefly in storage

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30
Q

Stele/vascular cylinder

A

running down middle of plant

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31
Q

Pericycle

A

inner dermal structure surrounding stele, produces lateral roots

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32
Q

Endodermis

A

outer dermal structure surrounding stele

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33
Q

Xylem

A

transports water and minerals

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34
Q

Phloem

A

transports food and nutrients

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35
Q

Casparian strip

A

a cellular feature found in the roots of all higher plants; occur in the endodermis, an inner cell layer that surrounds the central vascular strand of roots

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36
Q

Aerial roots

A

any root exposed to the air

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37
Q

Prop roots

A

any root supporting a plant

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38
Q

Pneumatophores

A

an aerial root specialized for gaseous exchange

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39
Q

contractile roots

A

responsible for movement of the underground shoot part ofthe plant, e.g., a corm, a bulb, or a rhizome

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40
Q

Haustoria

A

a slender projection from the root of a parasitic plant, such as a dodder, or from the hyphae of a parasitic fungus, enabling the parasite to penetrate the tissues of its host and absorb nutrients from it

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41
Q

Herbaceous shoots

A

vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground

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42
Q

Herbaceous shoots

A

vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground

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43
Q

Woody shoots

A
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44
Q

Annual

A

Plants that perform their entire life cycle from seed to flower in a year, then die

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45
Q

Biennial

A

Plants which require two years to complete their life cycle

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46
Q

Perennial

A

plants that can live for three or more growing seasons

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47
Q

Node

A

where leaves and branches attach on the main stem

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48
Q

Internode

A

stem parts between nodes

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49
Q

Axil

A

angle between a branch leaf and main stem

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50
Q

Axillary bud

A

bud within the axil

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51
Q

Phylotaxy

A

arrangement of leaves at a node

52
Q

Alternate phylotaxy

A

1 leaf per node

53
Q

Opposite phylotaxy

A

2 leaves per node

54
Q

Whorled phylotaxy

A

3+ leaves per node

55
Q

Stolon

A

above ground horizontal stems

56
Q

Rhizome

A

below ground horizontal stems

57
Q

Tuber

A

storage structures at the end of stolons/rhizomes

58
Q

bulb

A

storage structures in modified leaves

59
Q

Corm

A

vertical, fleshy, underground stem that acts as a food-storage structure in certain seed plants

60
Q

Petiole

A

the stalk that joins a leaf to a stem

61
Q

Blade

A

flattened part of leaf

62
Q

Midrib

A

spine down center of leaf

63
Q

Veins

A

vascular tissue running through leaf

64
Q

Margin

A

edge of the leaf

65
Q

Cuticle

A

an extracellular hydrophobic layer that covers the aerial epidermis of all land plants

66
Q

Stomata

A

pores in lower epidermis

67
Q

Stoma

A

a circular pore with a hole in the middle for gas to enter or leave the plant

68
Q

Guard cells

A

open/close stomata

69
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

upper mesophyll

70
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

lower mesophyll

71
Q

Vascular bundles

A

a strand of conducting vessels in the stem or leaves of a plant, typically with phloem on the outside and xylem on the inside

72
Q

Bundle sheath

A

cells surrounding vascular bundle

73
Q

Parallel veination

A

a leaf whose veins run in parallel from the stem

74
Q

Netted veination

A

Veins in a branching pattern

75
Q

Simple leaf

A

1 blade per petiole

76
Q

Pinnately complex leaf

A

leaves branch out in a ladder pattern from the petiole

77
Q

Palmately complex leaf

A

leaves branch out in a radial patterm from the petiole

78
Q

Deciduous

A

loses leaves every fall

79
Q

Evergreen

A

leaves never fall

80
Q

Leaf abscission

A

part between stem and petiole
-weaken this area and let the weight of the leaf pull it off

81
Q

C3 photosynthesis

A
  • typical photosynthesis
  • consists of light-dependent reaction (splits water into ions, uses ions to make ATP), and light-independent reaction (can occur with/without light, uses energy from ATP/NADH to make sugar from CO2)
82
Q

C4 Photosynthesis

A

carbon is stored as a 4-carbon compound
- seen in grassses

83
Q

CAM photosynthesis

A
  • (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)
  • temporal change to photosynthesis
  • normal in arid environments
  • day: stomata closed, absorb light, remove CO2 stored from night before in bundle sheath cells and make sugar
  • night: stomata open, CO2 in, stored as a 4-carbon compound in the bundle sheath cells, transpiration
84
Q

Vascular cambium

A

produces secondary phloem to the outside and secondary xylem to the inside

85
Q

Primary xylem and phloem

A

produced in the first year of growth

86
Q

Secondary xylem and phloem

A

produced after the first year of growth

87
Q

secondary xylem

A
  • adds more water-conducting tissue, which expands the plants’ capacity to transport water from the roots
  • replaces old xylem
    -adds structural support (wood)
88
Q

secondary phloem

A
  • increases the plant’s capacity to transport sugars from the leaves
    replaces old phloem
89
Q

Periderm

A

outer bark (cork, cork cambium, phelloderm)

90
Q

Phelloderm

A

a layer of thin-walled cells produced by the inner surface of the cork cambium

91
Q

Cork

A

The outer protective coat of a tree

92
Q

Inner bark

A

secondary phloem (and primary, if present)

93
Q

Outer bark

A

periderm (cork, cork cambium, phelloderm)

94
Q

Fusiform initial

A

an elongated tapering cell in the cambium that through repeated division gives rise to vertically arranged cells

95
Q

Periclinal cell division

A

the ones that occur parallel to the tissue or organ surface

96
Q

Ray initials

A

cells that remain in the meristematic region after cellular division

97
Q

Anticlinal cell division

A

produces 2 cambial cells
- makes rings

98
Q

Xylem and phloem rays

A

complex tissues that perform transportation of food and water in a plant

99
Q

Heartwood

A

dead, central wood of trees

100
Q

Sapwood

A

outer, living layers of the secondary wood of trees, which engage in transport of water and minerals to the crown of the tree

101
Q

Spring wood

A

the softer more porous portion of an annual ring of wood that develops early in the growing season

102
Q

Summer wood

A

The wood in a tree’s growth ring formed later in the growing season, when growth is less rapid

103
Q

Dendrochronology

A

the science that deals with the dating and study of the annual growth increments, or tree rings, in woody trees and shrubs

104
Q

Reaction wood

A

wood that forms in place of normal wood as a response to gravity, where the cambial cells are oriented other than vertically. It is typically found on branches and leaning stems. It is an example of mechanical acclimation in trees.

105
Q

Hormone

A

molecules that are sent from 1 cell to another to initiate a response

106
Q

Auxin

A

a. produced in the shoot apical meristems, young leaves, and embryos
b. transported through the phloem parenchyma
c. functions:
- stimulates cell growth (stem + root)
* stimulates proteins to pump H+ into the cell walls
* ions activate the expansion enzymes
* expansins weaken cell walls, allowing for elongation
* reduce the resistance in cell walls, allowing water to flow by osmosis, therefore expanding the cell
* auxin levels drop as IAA oxidase destroys it
- responsible for the development of lateral meristems
-involved in apical dominance
-regulates the development of fruit

107
Q

Cytokinins

A

a. synthesiszed in the roots + are transported elsewhere, but can also be produced in the stems, leaves, and seeds
b. controlls cell division and differentiation
c. counteracts apical dominance by stimulating axillary bud growth
d. delays aging of leaves
e. stimulates germination

108
Q

Gibberellins

A

a. synthesized in the apical meristems, leaved, and embryos
b. involved in stem elongation by helping expansins move into their correct positions in the cell wall, and also increases cellular concentrations of auxin
c. aid in seed germination and gmebryo growth (promotes breakdown of starch)
d. promotes flowering

109
Q

Abscisic acid

A

a. synthesized in the leaves, stems, roots, and green fruits
b. establishes seed dormancy by preventing germination in cold temperatures
c. helps the plant adapt to water stressby closing stomata

110
Q

Ethylene

A
  • gas
    a. synthesized in fruits, roots, stems, leaves, and flowerbuds
    b. causes responses to mechanical stress
    c. aids in fruit ripening and leaf abscission
    represses vertical growth and stimulates horizontal growth (wind/stress)
    e. aids in growth to move around obstacles
111
Q

Brassinosteroids

A

a. synthsized in the seeds, fruits, shoots, leaves, and flower buds
b. stimulates cell division and elongation in stems like auxin)
c. causes differentiation in the xylem
d. promotes pollen tube growth
e. slows root growth
f. delays leaf abscission

112
Q

Tropism (negative vs positive)

A

plant responses to external stimuli
- positive tropism - towards stimulus
- negative tropism - away from stimulus

113
Q

Phototropism

A
  • tropism of light
114
Q

Gravitotropism

A

gravity
- shoots: negatively gravitotropic
- roots: positively gravitotropic

115
Q

Statolith hypothesis

A

solid objects in the cytoplasm fall towards the gravitational pull

116
Q

Gravitational pressure hypothesis

A

gravitational pressure hypothesis: stretching of proteins in the cell membrane

117
Q

Thigmotropism

A

pressure differences or touch
- ex: venus flytrap has hairs on the leaf that are triggered by the change in pressure (cells contract with turgor pressure)

118
Q

Hydrotropism

A

water tropism

119
Q

Heliotropism

A

sun tropism

120
Q

Chemotropism

A

chemical tropism

121
Q

Apoplastic transport

A

water flows between cells

122
Q

Symplastic transport

A

water flows inside cells, along cell walls, and outside central vacuoles

123
Q

Transcellular transport

A

water flows inside cellls, central vacuole to central vacuole

124
Q

Pressure flow hypothesis

A

water containing food molecules flows under pressure through the phloem
- high pressure at the top and low pressure at the bottom keeps the water/sugar (sap) moving

125
Q

Micronutrients

A

essential plant nutrients that are found in trace amounts in tissue, but play an imperative role in plant growth and development

126
Q

Macronutrients

A

nutrients required by the plants in large amounts (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium and potassium)

Botany (BIOL 231) (6 decks)

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