Terms List for Unit 1 Flashcards
initials
plant cells in charge of dividing
derivatives
the plant cells that differentiate to serve different functions in the organism
asexual reproduction
mitosis
sexual reproduction
unionofoppositematingtypes
Mitosis
cell division for . . .
growth, replacement, repair, and asexual reproduction
mitosis
daughter cells are . . .
identical to each other and to the mother cell
mitosis
how many divisions?
one
meiosis
cell division for . . .
the production of sex cells (eggs, sperm, and/or spores)
meiosis
daughter cells are . . .
all variants
meiosis
how many divisions?
two
gametes
eggs and sperm
egg
female gamete
sperm
male gamete
cell cycle
Interphase (G1, S, G2), and Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, or Telophase) or Meiosis (Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II)
Interphase
The phase that the cell spends most of its time in
-G1, S, and G2
(refer to Bio 211 cell cycle flashcards)
ploidy
how many sets of DNA are in a cell
haploid
a cell that contains only one set of DNA
Diploid
a cell that contains two sets of DNA
polyploid
contains multiplet sets of DNA
variation
genetic diversity that results from meiosis
life cycle
a series of events in an organism’s lifetime (three options)
types of life cycles
- Haplontic with zygotic meiosis
- Diplontic with gametic meiosis
- Haplodiplontic with sporic meiosis (aka Alternation of Generations)
Haplontic with zygotic meiosis
-haploid phase dominant
-zygote is the only diploid cell
-zygote undergoes meiosis
-no multicellular diploid phase
-seen in some fungi and algae
Diplontic with gametic meiosis
-diploid phase dominant
-no multicellular haploid phase
-meiosis makes gametes
-gametes are haploid
-seen in animals
Haplodiplontic with sporic meiosis
-alternates between haploid and diploid stages
-meiosis produces haploid spores
-seen in some algae and all plants
chromosome
unit of DNA
homologous
having the same relation, relative position, or structure
mother cell
the original cell that divides
daughter cells
the resulting cells that form after the mother cell divides
zygote
a fertilized egg
unicellular
consisting of one cell
multicellular
consisting of multiple cells
sporophyte
produces spores
gametophyte
produces gametes
morphology
the study of the forms of things
isomorphic
objects that have similar shape
heteromorphic
objects that have different shapes
isogamy
gametes that are the same shape and size regardless of the sex of the organism they came from
-found in some algae and fungi
anisogamy
gametes that are not similar in size and form and both are either motile or not motile
-seen in some algae
oogamy
female gamete is larger and non-motile, male gamete is small and motile
-seen in plants and animals
prokaryote
single-celled organism that does not have a nuclear membrane
eukaryote
multicellular organism that has cells with nuclear membranes
motile
has the ability to move
nucleoid
the region where DNA is stored in a prokaryotic cell
plasmid
a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan
flagellum
tubule structure that is used for movement in bacteria
pili
tubule structures on bacteria that are used for movement or to attach to things
fimbrae
a short, filamentous projection on a bacterial cell, used not for motility but for adhering to other bacterial cell (especially for mating)
bacteria morphology
- coccus
- bacillus
- spirillum
coccus
spherically shaped bacteria
bacillus
rod-shaped bacteria
spirillum
squiggly shaped bacteria
binary fission
mitosis (bacteria’s reproduction system)
budding
a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from some generative anatomical point of the parent organism
fragmentation
a method of bacteria reproduction in which an organism explodes to produce a bunch of new organisms
conjugation
the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact
photoautotroph
an organism that uses light to feed itself and makes organic compounds from CO2
chemoautotroph
an organism that oxidizes inorganic compounds and uses CO2
photoheterotroph
an organism that uses light to make ATP, but gets carbon from other organic compounds
chemoheterotroph
an organism that consumes organic compounds for both energy and carbon
nitrogen fixation
the transformation of N2 into NH4+, NO2-, or NO3- (NO3- is ideal for absorption of nitrogen)
obligate aerobe
an organism that must have oxygen because it uses oxygen for cellular respiration
facultative anaerobe
an organism that can do either fermentation or cellular respiration, depending on whether oxygen is present or not
obligate anaerobe
organisms that only do fermentation
cyanobacteria
Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis
heterocysts
perform nitrogen fixation in bacteria
symbiosis
a mutually beneficial relationship betweem 2+ organisms
archaea
extremophiles
primary pigment
chlorophyll a & b
accessory pigment
phycobillins (the pigments that turn the leaves red in the fall)
methanogen
an archaean that reduces CO2 to methane
thermophile
archaeans that like high heat
halophile
archaeans that like areas with high salt concentrations
endosymbiosis
the current theory of how prokaryotic cells evolved into eukaryotic cells (by consuming an anaerobic bacterium or a photosynthetic bacterium)
Autogenous Theory
According to this theory, the eukaryotic cell evolved directly from a single prokaryotic ancestor through compartmentalization of functions arising from invaginations of the prokaryotic plasma membrane
decomposer
fungi
hyphae
the filaments that make up a fungi
mycelium
masses of hyphae
septate
when hyphae have cell walls between cells
coenocytic (aseptate)
when hyphae do not have walls between cells
chitin
makes up fungi cell walls
glycogen
the molecule in which fungi store energy
rhizoids
small “hairs” that hold the hyphae onto whatever they’re growing on
trichogyne
the tube that connects the Anthoridium and Ascogonium in the plasmogamy phase of the life cycle of the Ascomycota
Antheridia
the name of the (-) mating type
Ascogonia
the name of the (+) mating type
Conidia
external spores
Taxonomy Memorization
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
stigma
photosynthetic photoreceptor in a euglenoid
pellicle
membrane
hyphae
filamentous structure of fungi
chitin
makes up fungi cell walls
glycogen
how fungi and some protists store energy
rhizoids
hair-like structures on fungi that let them stick to surfaces
mycobiont
The fungus that is a component of a lichen
phycobiont
the algae component of a lichen
archegonia
female gametophyte in moss life cycle
gemma
a small cellular body or bud that can separate to form a new organism
meiospore
A haploid spore produced by meiosis
paraphyses
a sterile hairlike filament present among the reproductive organs in many lower plants, especially bryophytes, algae, and fungi that serves to protect the reproductive organs
venter
chonky part of archegonia
neck
skinny part of archegonia
seta
stalk part of spore producing structure on nonvascular plants
columella
operculum
little hat that releases spores in sporophyte of nonvascular plants
peristome
little teeth around operculum
protonema
the primary usually filamentous thalloid stage of the gametophyte in mosses and in some liverworts comparable to the prothallus in ferns
hydroid
type of vascular cell that occurs in certain bryophytes
leptoid
a type of elongated food-conducting cell like phloem in the stems of some mosses, such as the family Polytrichaceae
