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Botany (BIOL 231) > Terms List for Unit 1 > Flashcards

Terms List for Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

initials

A

plant cells in charge of dividing

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2
Q

derivatives

A

the plant cells that differentiate to serve different functions in the organism

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3
Q

asexual reproduction

A

mitosis

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4
Q

sexual reproduction

A

unionofoppositematingtypes

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5
Q

Mitosis

cell division for . . .

A

growth, replacement, repair, and asexual reproduction

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6
Q

mitosis

daughter cells are . . .

A

identical to each other and to the mother cell

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7
Q

mitosis

how many divisions?

A

one

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8
Q

meiosis

cell division for . . .

A

the production of sex cells (eggs, sperm, and/or spores)

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9
Q

meiosis

daughter cells are . . .

A

all variants

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10
Q

meiosis

how many divisions?

A

two

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11
Q

gametes

A

eggs and sperm

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12
Q

egg

A

female gamete

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13
Q

sperm

A

male gamete

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14
Q

cell cycle

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2), and Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, or Telophase) or Meiosis (Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II)

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15
Q

Interphase

A

The phase that the cell spends most of its time in
-G1, S, and G2
(refer to Bio 211 cell cycle flashcards)

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16
Q

ploidy

A

how many sets of DNA are in a cell

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17
Q

haploid

A

a cell that contains only one set of DNA

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18
Q

Diploid

A

a cell that contains two sets of DNA

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19
Q

polyploid

A

contains multiplet sets of DNA

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20
Q

variation

A

genetic diversity that results from meiosis

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21
Q

life cycle

A

a series of events in an organism’s lifetime (three options)

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22
Q

types of life cycles

A
  1. Haplontic with zygotic meiosis
  2. Diplontic with gametic meiosis
  3. Haplodiplontic with sporic meiosis (aka Alternation of Generations)
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23
Q

Haplontic with zygotic meiosis

A

-haploid phase dominant
-zygote is the only diploid cell
-zygote undergoes meiosis
-no multicellular diploid phase
-seen in some fungi and algae

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24
Q

Diplontic with gametic meiosis

A

-diploid phase dominant
-no multicellular haploid phase
-meiosis makes gametes
-gametes are haploid
-seen in animals

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25
Q

Haplodiplontic with sporic meiosis

A

-alternates between haploid and diploid stages
-meiosis produces haploid spores
-seen in some algae and all plants

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26
Q

chromosome

A

unit of DNA

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27
Q

homologous

A

having the same relation, relative position, or structure

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28
Q

mother cell

A

the original cell that divides

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29
Q

daughter cells

A

the resulting cells that form after the mother cell divides

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30
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg

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31
Q

unicellular

A

consisting of one cell

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32
Q

multicellular

A

consisting of multiple cells

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33
Q

sporophyte

A

produces spores

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34
Q

gametophyte

A

produces gametes

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35
Q

morphology

A

the study of the forms of things

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36
Q

isomorphic

A

objects that have similar shape

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37
Q

heteromorphic

A

objects that have different shapes

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38
Q

isogamy

A

gametes that are the same shape and size regardless of the sex of the organism they came from
-found in some algae and fungi

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39
Q

anisogamy

A

gametes that are not similar in size and form and both are either motile or not motile
-seen in some algae

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40
Q

oogamy

A

female gamete is larger and non-motile, male gamete is small and motile
-seen in plants and animals

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41
Q

prokaryote

A

single-celled organism that does not have a nuclear membrane

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42
Q

eukaryote

A

multicellular organism that has cells with nuclear membranes

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43
Q

motile

A

has the ability to move

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44
Q

nucleoid

A

the region where DNA is stored in a prokaryotic cell

45
Q

plasmid

A

a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan

46
Q

flagellum

A

tubule structure that is used for movement in bacteria

47
Q

pili

A

tubule structures on bacteria that are used for movement or to attach to things

48
Q

fimbrae

A

a short, filamentous projection on a bacterial cell, used not for motility but for adhering to other bacterial cell (especially for mating)

49
Q

bacteria morphology

A
  1. coccus
  2. bacillus
  3. spirillum
50
Q

coccus

A

spherically shaped bacteria

51
Q

bacillus

A

rod-shaped bacteria

52
Q

spirillum

A

squiggly shaped bacteria

53
Q

binary fission

A

mitosis (bacteria’s reproduction system)

54
Q

budding

A

a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from some generative anatomical point of the parent organism

55
Q

fragmentation

A

a method of bacteria reproduction in which an organism explodes to produce a bunch of new organisms

56
Q

conjugation

A

the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact

57
Q

photoautotroph

A

an organism that uses light to feed itself and makes organic compounds from CO2

58
Q

chemoautotroph

A

an organism that oxidizes inorganic compounds and uses CO2

59
Q

photoheterotroph

A

an organism that uses light to make ATP, but gets carbon from other organic compounds

60
Q

chemoheterotroph

A

an organism that consumes organic compounds for both energy and carbon

61
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

the transformation of N2 into NH4+, NO2-, or NO3- (NO3- is ideal for absorption of nitrogen)

62
Q

obligate aerobe

A

an organism that must have oxygen because it uses oxygen for cellular respiration

63
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

an organism that can do either fermentation or cellular respiration, depending on whether oxygen is present or not

64
Q

obligate anaerobe

A

organisms that only do fermentation

65
Q

cyanobacteria

A

Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis

66
Q

heterocysts

A

perform nitrogen fixation in bacteria

67
Q

symbiosis

A

a mutually beneficial relationship betweem 2+ organisms

68
Q

archaea

A

extremophiles

69
Q

primary pigment

A

chlorophyll a & b

70
Q

accessory pigment

A

phycobillins (the pigments that turn the leaves red in the fall)

71
Q

methanogen

A

an archaean that reduces CO2 to methane

72
Q

thermophile

A

archaeans that like high heat

73
Q

halophile

A

archaeans that like areas with high salt concentrations

74
Q

endosymbiosis

A

the current theory of how prokaryotic cells evolved into eukaryotic cells (by consuming an anaerobic bacterium or a photosynthetic bacterium)

75
Q

Autogenous Theory

A

According to this theory, the eukaryotic cell evolved directly from a single prokaryotic ancestor through compartmentalization of functions arising from invaginations of the prokaryotic plasma membrane

76
Q

decomposer

A

fungi

77
Q

hyphae

A

the filaments that make up a fungi

78
Q

mycelium

A

masses of hyphae

79
Q

septate

A

when hyphae have cell walls between cells

80
Q

coenocytic (aseptate)

A

when hyphae do not have walls between cells

81
Q

chitin

A

makes up fungi cell walls

82
Q

glycogen

A

the molecule in which fungi store energy

83
Q

rhizoids

A

small “hairs” that hold the hyphae onto whatever they’re growing on

84
Q

trichogyne

A

the tube that connects the Anthoridium and Ascogonium in the plasmogamy phase of the life cycle of the Ascomycota

85
Q

Antheridia

A

the name of the (-) mating type

86
Q

Ascogonia

A

the name of the (+) mating type

87
Q

Conidia

A

external spores

88
Q

Taxonomy Memorization

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

89
Q

stigma

A

photosynthetic photoreceptor in a euglenoid

90
Q

pellicle

A

membrane

91
Q

hyphae

A

filamentous structure of fungi

92
Q

chitin

A

makes up fungi cell walls

93
Q

glycogen

A

how fungi and some protists store energy

94
Q

rhizoids

A

hair-like structures on fungi that let them stick to surfaces

95
Q

mycobiont

A

The fungus that is a component of a lichen

96
Q

phycobiont

A

the algae component of a lichen

97
Q

archegonia

A

female gametophyte in moss life cycle

98
Q

gemma

A

a small cellular body or bud that can separate to form a new organism

99
Q

meiospore

A

A haploid spore produced by meiosis

100
Q

paraphyses

A

a sterile hairlike filament present among the reproductive organs in many lower plants, especially bryophytes, algae, and fungi that serves to protect the reproductive organs

101
Q

venter

A

chonky part of archegonia

102
Q

neck

A

skinny part of archegonia

103
Q

seta

A

stalk part of spore producing structure on nonvascular plants

104
Q

columella

A
105
Q

operculum

A

little hat that releases spores in sporophyte of nonvascular plants

106
Q

peristome

A

little teeth around operculum

107
Q

protonema

A

the primary usually filamentous thalloid stage of the gametophyte in mosses and in some liverworts comparable to the prothallus in ferns

108
Q

hydroid

A

type of vascular cell that occurs in certain bryophytes

109
Q

leptoid

A

a type of elongated food-conducting cell like phloem in the stems of some mosses, such as the family Polytrichaceae

Botany (BIOL 231) (6 decks)

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