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unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Common personality traits (5 of them) and generally what they mean

A

-Openness (active imagination and sensitivity)
-Conscientious (self-disciplined and achievement-oriented)
-Extraversion (socially gregarious behavior)
-Agreeableness (compassionate and cooperative)
-Neuroticism (tendency to express negative emotional states)

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2
Q

The opposite of openness

A

practical and routine oriented

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3
Q

the opposite of conscientious

A

less goal-oriented and more laid back

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4
Q

the opposite of extraversion

A

introversion

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5
Q

the opposite of agreeableness

A

Suspicious and antagonism

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6
Q

Personality disorder definition (broad)

A

Mental disorder involving dysfunctional personality traits and associated with problems such as relationship disturbances and impulse behavior (dimensional spectrum)

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7
Q

the factors of a personality disorder (4 of them)

A

cognitive factor, affective feature, interpersonal feature, impulse control

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8
Q

What is the KEY factor of personality disorder

A

The key factor is inflexible traits
-traits that are difficult for a person to change and appear across many situations

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9
Q

What are the 3 main clusters of personality disorders and what is the main display feature of each/

A

Odd/ eccentric -bizzare
Dramatic/erratic/emotional -exaggerated
anxious/ fearful -apprehensive

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10
Q

The 9 total personality and pathological elements for the alternative method of diagnosing personality disorder

A

PERSONALITY:
-identity
-self-direction
-empathy
-intimacy
PATHOLOGICAL:
-negative affectivity
-detachment
-disinhibition
-antagonism
-psychoticism

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11
Q

3 personality disorders in the odd/ eccentric group

A

-paranoid personality disorder
-schizoid personality disorder
-schizotypal personality disorder

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12
Q

Definition of paranoid personality disorder

A

Marked by general distrust and suspiciousness in others

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13
Q

General symptoms of paranoid personality disorder

A

-often blame others for their misfortunes and have trouble working with others
-often read harmful intentions from neutral interactions or events (assume the worst)
-may be rigid, controlling, critical, blaming and jealous

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14
Q

Schizotypal personality behavior definition

A

Marked by social anxiety, paranoid fears and eccentric behavior, perceptions and thoughts

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15
Q

Schizotypal personality general symptoms

A

-extreme social anxiety and maybe paranoia
-odd, eccentric, or peculiar in behavior and appearance
-few friends outside immediate family
-misinterpret or over personalize events
-may show ideas of reference (believe everyday events involve them when they in fact do not)

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16
Q

What odd/ eccentric disorder is most likely to seek treatment?

A

Schizotypal disorder

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17
Q

Schizoid personality disorder definition

A

Marked by social isolation and restricted emotional expression

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18
Q

Schizoid general symptoms

A

-little interest in establishing/ maintaining relationships with others and show little expressed emotions
-Usually no friends, no sex life, rarely marry
-do not express joy, sadness, warmth, intimacy
-prefer isolation

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19
Q

the 4 personality disorders in dramatic grouping

A

antisocial
borderline
histrionic
narcissistic

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20
Q

Antisocial personality disorder definition

A

Marked by extreme disregard for and violation of the rights of others and impulse behavior

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21
Q

Psychopathy definition

A

Diagnostic construct related to an antisocial personality disorder that focuses on problematic interpersonal styles such as arrogance, lack of empathy, and manipulativeness

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22
Q

What does conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder have to do with each other?

A

Conduct disorder (involves aggression towards animals, people, property, etc in children/adolescents) relates to antisocial disorder because to get an antisocial personality diagnosis you need to have evidence of conduct disorder before the age of 15

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23
Q

Antisocial personality disorder general symptoms

A

-deceitfulness/impulsivity/aggressiveness/irresponsibility
-criminal acts
-recklessness that disregards the safety of others

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24
Q

Borderline personality disorder definition

A

Marked by impulsivity, difficulty controlling emotions and self mutilation or suicidal behavior

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25
Q

Borderline personality general symptoms

A

-experience strong, intense negative emotions and are prone to suicidal threats, gestures, or attempts
-unsure of self image
-intense abandonment fears and feelings of emptiness
-self defeating behavior

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26
Q

Rates of suicide in borderline personality disorder

A

10% commit suicide while 60%-70% attempt it

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27
Q

Histrionic personality disorder definition

A

Marked by excessive need for attention, superficial and fleeting emotions and impulsivity

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28
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder definition

A

Marked by grandiosity, arrogance, and tendency to exploit others

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29
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder’s general symptoms

A

-lack of empathy toward others
-an exaggerated sense of self-importance and believe that they can only be understood by similarly ‘special’ people
-distasteful interpersonal behaviors
-seem to have high self esteem/confidence but actually vulnerable to real/perceived threats to their status

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30
Q

Histrionic disorder is more prevalent in ____ while narcissistic disorder is more prevalent in _____

A

-women
-men

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31
Q

3 disorders in the anxious/ fearful personality group

A

-avoidant behavior personality disorder
-obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
-dependent personality disorder

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32
Q

definition of avoidant behavior personality disorder

A

Marked by anxiousness and feelings of inadequacy and social ineptness

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33
Q

Avoidant behavior general symptoms

A

-often avoid social situations that require significant interpersonal contact
-afraid of being embarrassed or rejected by others
-low self esteem
-impaired social skills/ functioning
-dependent

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34
Q

Dependent personality disorder definition

A

Marked by extreme submissiveness and a strong need to be liked and be taken care of by others

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35
Q

Dependent personality disorder general symptoms

A

-seems helpless
-need guidance over smallest decisions
-low self-esteem, self-doubt, self criticism
-may volunteer to do unpleasant tasks to gain approval

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36
Q

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder definition

A

Marked by rigidity, perfectionism and strong need for control

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37
Q

People with obsessive-compulsive disorder do not usually have _____ and ____ like OCD

A

obsessions and compulsions

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38
Q

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder’s general symptoms

A

-stubborn, rigid, and perfectionist to the point where no task ever gets done
-“control freaks”
-strained relationships bc of a tendency to become uninvolved/ detached but also authoritarian and domineering\
-prone to anxiety and physical disorders

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39
Q

Obsessive compulsive, avoidant behavior and dependent personality is all most common in ____

A

women

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40
Q

Stigma associated with personality disorder

A

-they cause it themselves
-mental health professionals say its ‘more difficult to manage’ and hold the view that they are ‘un-cureable’
-many patients are misdiagnosed so they often receive the wrong medication or psychological treatment

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41
Q

What are the biological risk for odd/ eccentric personality disorders

A

-psychobiology theory of personality disorders (genetics may set the stage for cognitive and perceptual patterns)
-many people w these disorders have trouble attending to and selecting relevant stimuli in the enviroment

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42
Q

What are the family factors for odd/ eccentric

A

-parental maltreatment
-neglect
-parental emotional withdrawal

43
Q

Causes for odd/ eccentric personality disorders

A

-likely caused by genetic predisposition
-genetic diathesis may influence family environment
-neurobiological vulnerabilities influence development of cognitive beliefs

44
Q

What are the biological risk factors for dramatic personality disorders

A

-moderate genetic predispositions
-impulsive aggression is associated with reduced serotonin
-psychopathy/ conduct disorder is associated w reduced brain size (specifically moral development areas)
-Noradrenergic neurotransmitter is closely related to mood shifts

45
Q

Antisocial personality disorder shows ___ genetic predispositions

A

Significant

46
Q

What are the environmental risk factors for dramatic personality disorders

A

-Traumatic childhood experiences
-several cognitive beliefs (like believing that lying, cheating deception are acceptable ways to secure what they want)

47
Q

Causes of dramatic personality disorders

A

Likely caused by genetic predispositions and family-based stressors

48
Q

What are the biological risk factors for anxious/ fearful personality disorders

A

-genetics is a modest factor
-many have a genetic basis that includes behavioral inhibition, tendency to anticipate harm, and excessive sensitivity
-neurobiological vulnerabilities involving the noradrenergic and GABA neurotransmitters

49
Q

What are the environmental risk factors for avoidant personality disorder

A

-disorder may result when an anxious, introverted and unconfident person experiences repeated episodes of embarrassment, rejection of humiliation in childhood
-adolescence is also a hard time because of the importance of attractiveness, popularity, and dating
-cognitive schemas

50
Q

What are the environmental risks for dependent disorder

A

-disorder may result from an interaction between an anxious/ fearful temperament and insecure attachment to parents
-cognitive schemas relate to becoming depressed when faced with interpersonal conflict/loss

51
Q

What are the environmental risks for obsessive compulsive disorder

A

-disorder development may have been well-behaved and conscientious but perhaps overly serious or rigid
-not a lot is known

52
Q

Causes of anxious/ fearful personality disorders

A

-genetic predispositions and family environment
-family history serves as genetic diathesis
-neurobiological vulnerabilities of anxiety/ inhibition

53
Q

Prevention efforts of personality disorders is ______

A

rare

54
Q

What are the three main risk factors to focus on for personality disorders and prevention

A

-child maltreatment
-poor interpersonal skills
-emotional dysregulation

55
Q

What are the 3 primary assessments for personality disorders

A

-self report questionnaries
-Interviews (unstructured and structured)
-Informant reports (individuals who know a person well will complete ratings of their personality traits and behaviors

56
Q

What biological treatment mostly targets borderline disorder?

A

medication
-antidepressants
-antianxiety
-antipsychotic

57
Q

What are the three main groups to diagnose meds off of for personality disorders

A

-cognitive perceptual
-affect
-impulse aggression

58
Q

what are the psychological treatments of personality disorders?

A

-short term psychodynamic therapy
-dialectical behavior therapy

59
Q

What does short-term psychodynamic therapy do and what does it focus on in personality disorders? (what is key concept)

A

-Involves frequent meetings
-focuses on conflicts/ themes that impede someones life
-explore historical events on someones life
-KEY aspect= interpersonal conflict resolution, appropriate emotion experiences and less self destructive behaviors

60
Q

What is dialectical behavior therapy for personality disorders?

A

-treatment for suicidal behavior and related features of borderline personality disorder
-addresses symptoms commonly associated with borderline disorder

61
Q

What are the four treatment stages of dialectical behavior therapy

A

-Interpersonal skills training
-Emotional regulation skills training
-Distress tolerance skills training
-Mindfulness skills training

62
Q

Dialectical behavior therapy is effective for reducing _____

A

suicidal behaviors, excessive substance use, number of days of psychiatric hospitalization

63
Q

What is a psychotic disorder? How is it marked?

A

Its a class of mental disorders marked by schizophrenia and/or related disorders
-may have unusual emotional states or affect

64
Q

What is Flat affect?

A

Lack of variety in emotional expression and speech

65
Q

What is inappropriate affect? What’s an example?

A

Emotion not appropriate for a given situation
-laughing for a sad story

66
Q

What are hallucinations and what types are they?

A

sensory experiences a person believes to be true when they actually are not
-auditory(voices)
-visual (seeing images or visions)
-tactile (feels bizarre sensations on skin)
-olfactory

67
Q

What does catatonic mean?

A

Tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periods
-remaining in a near immovable state for hours

68
Q

What does avolition mean?

A

People with psychotic disorders have trouble going to work or engaging in daily self care such as washing or getting dressed

69
Q

What is schizophrenia/ how is it marked? and what are the two main groups of symptoms called?

A

Marked by positive symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations, negative symptoms such as flat affect and withdrawal and disorganized behavior
-postive and negative symptom groups

70
Q

How long do you need to show symptoms of schizophrenia to be diagnosed?

A

6 months

71
Q

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Symptoms of delusions and hallucinations that are obvious and excessive (delusions, hallucinations and disorganized speech and behavior)

72
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Symptoms such as flat affect and alogia that represent significant deficits in behavior (lack of speech/ behavior)
-Alogia: speaking very little to others

73
Q

Whats the key positive symptom to schizophrenia?

A

Delusions

74
Q

What are persecutory delusions in relation to schizophrenia?

A

beliefs that one is being harmed or harassed in some way

75
Q

What are the three persecutory delusions

A

-thought insertion
-thought broadcasting
-thought withdrawal

76
Q

What are grandiose delusions in relation to schizophrenia

A

irrational beliefs that one is an especially powerful or important person when this is not true
-more in bipolar and narcissism

77
Q

What are referential delusions (or delusions of reference)

A

irrational beliefs that events in everyday life have something to do with onself

78
Q

what are somatic delusions?

A

irrational beliefs that ones physical body is affected, usually in a negative way and often by a outside source

79
Q

Whats the most common hallucination?

A

auditory

80
Q

What are four disorganized speech examples/ categories?

A

Loose association, neologism, clan association, tangentiality phenomenon

81
Q

What does loose association mean in relation to disorganized speech

A

mixed phrasing

82
Q

what does neologism mean in relation to disorganized speech

A

making up words that don’t make sense to anyone

83
Q

What does clang association mean in relation to disorganized speech

A

repeating words over and over that rhyme

84
Q

whats the tangentiality phenomenon in relation to disorganized speech

A

Speaking clearly, stop without warning and then talk about an entirely new topic

85
Q

What is disorganized/ catatonic behavior?

A

a person may be unable to care for themselves and not engage in appropriate hygiene, dress, or eating.

86
Q

What is waxy flexibility/ catalepsy?

A

persons body part can be moved to a different posture and its maintained for long periods

87
Q

What stereotypy or agitation?

A

show wild or uncontrolled motor acitivity

88
Q

Whats echolalia? What’s echopraxia

A

echolalia: repeat others’ words
echopraxia: repeating actions

89
Q

What is the definition of negative symptoms in relation to schizophrenia

A

Refers to pathological deficits in behavior or showing too little of a certain behavior

90
Q

What are some common negative side effects?

A

-flat affect
-alogia(speaking very little to other people)
-avolition (inability or unwillingness to engage in goal-directed activities)
-anhedonia (lack of pleasure or interest in life activities)
-lack of insight (poor awareness of ones mental condition)

91
Q

Are positive or negative symptoms of schizophrenia affected by meds? or both?

A

positive symptoms

92
Q

What’s the first stage of schizophrenia?

A

Prodromal phase

93
Q

What is the prodromal phase marked by in a person with schizophrenia?

A

The initial phase marked by peculiar thoughts and behaviors but without active psychotic feature

94
Q

What is the prodromal phase marked by in a person with schizophrenia?

A

The initial phase marked by peculiar thoughts and behaviors but without active psychotic features

95
Q

What’s the second stage of schizophrenia?

A

psychotic prephase

96
Q

How is psychotic prephase marked in a person with schizophrenia?

A

Marked by the first ‘full blown’ positive symptom of schizophrenia (like hallucinations)
-usually admitted for treatment

97
Q

Whats the third stage of schizophrenia?

A

Active phase

98
Q

how long does psychotic prepahse go on for

A

usually less than 2 months

99
Q

How long does active phase go on in schizophrenia

A

at least 6 months for a diagnosis

100
Q

what is active phase marked by in schizophrenia?

A

Marked by full-blown psychotic features such as delusions and hallucinations

101
Q

what is the fourth stage of schizophrenia?

A

residual phase

102
Q

How is the residual phase marked in schizophrenia? what other phase is it similar to?

A

Phase usually after the active phase involving peculiar thoughts and behaviors
-similar to the prodromal phase

103
Q

What type of view is schizophrenia measured by? what are the stages

A

dimensional
-mild, moderate and severe

104
Q

What dimensions are included in schizophrenia

A

positive symptoms, negative symptoms, depression and mania AND social disturbance

Abnormal Psych (5 decks)

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