unit 3 Flashcards
Common personality traits (5 of them) and generally what they mean
-Openness (active imagination and sensitivity)
-Conscientious (self-disciplined and achievement-oriented)
-Extraversion (socially gregarious behavior)
-Agreeableness (compassionate and cooperative)
-Neuroticism (tendency to express negative emotional states)
The opposite of openness
practical and routine oriented
the opposite of conscientious
less goal-oriented and more laid back
the opposite of extraversion
introversion
the opposite of agreeableness
Suspicious and antagonism
Personality disorder definition (broad)
Mental disorder involving dysfunctional personality traits and associated with problems such as relationship disturbances and impulse behavior (dimensional spectrum)
the factors of a personality disorder (4 of them)
cognitive factor, affective feature, interpersonal feature, impulse control
What is the KEY factor of personality disorder
The key factor is inflexible traits
-traits that are difficult for a person to change and appear across many situations
What are the 3 main clusters of personality disorders and what is the main display feature of each/
Odd/ eccentric -bizzare
Dramatic/erratic/emotional -exaggerated
anxious/ fearful -apprehensive
The 9 total personality and pathological elements for the alternative method of diagnosing personality disorder
PERSONALITY:
-identity
-self-direction
-empathy
-intimacy
PATHOLOGICAL:
-negative affectivity
-detachment
-disinhibition
-antagonism
-psychoticism
3 personality disorders in the odd/ eccentric group
-paranoid personality disorder
-schizoid personality disorder
-schizotypal personality disorder
Definition of paranoid personality disorder
Marked by general distrust and suspiciousness in others
General symptoms of paranoid personality disorder
-often blame others for their misfortunes and have trouble working with others
-often read harmful intentions from neutral interactions or events (assume the worst)
-may be rigid, controlling, critical, blaming and jealous
Schizotypal personality behavior definition
Marked by social anxiety, paranoid fears and eccentric behavior, perceptions and thoughts
Schizotypal personality general symptoms
-extreme social anxiety and maybe paranoia
-odd, eccentric, or peculiar in behavior and appearance
-few friends outside immediate family
-misinterpret or over personalize events
-may show ideas of reference (believe everyday events involve them when they in fact do not)
What odd/ eccentric disorder is most likely to seek treatment?
Schizotypal disorder
Schizoid personality disorder definition
Marked by social isolation and restricted emotional expression
Schizoid general symptoms
-little interest in establishing/ maintaining relationships with others and show little expressed emotions
-Usually no friends, no sex life, rarely marry
-do not express joy, sadness, warmth, intimacy
-prefer isolation
the 4 personality disorders in dramatic grouping
antisocial
borderline
histrionic
narcissistic
Antisocial personality disorder definition
Marked by extreme disregard for and violation of the rights of others and impulse behavior
Psychopathy definition
Diagnostic construct related to an antisocial personality disorder that focuses on problematic interpersonal styles such as arrogance, lack of empathy, and manipulativeness
What does conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder have to do with each other?
Conduct disorder (involves aggression towards animals, people, property, etc in children/adolescents) relates to antisocial disorder because to get an antisocial personality diagnosis you need to have evidence of conduct disorder before the age of 15
Antisocial personality disorder general symptoms
-deceitfulness/impulsivity/aggressiveness/irresponsibility
-criminal acts
-recklessness that disregards the safety of others
Borderline personality disorder definition
Marked by impulsivity, difficulty controlling emotions and self mutilation or suicidal behavior
Borderline personality general symptoms
-experience strong, intense negative emotions and are prone to suicidal threats, gestures, or attempts
-unsure of self image
-intense abandonment fears and feelings of emptiness
-self defeating behavior
Rates of suicide in borderline personality disorder
10% commit suicide while 60%-70% attempt it
Histrionic personality disorder definition
Marked by excessive need for attention, superficial and fleeting emotions and impulsivity
Narcissistic personality disorder definition
Marked by grandiosity, arrogance, and tendency to exploit others
Narcissistic personality disorder’s general symptoms
-lack of empathy toward others
-an exaggerated sense of self-importance and believe that they can only be understood by similarly ‘special’ people
-distasteful interpersonal behaviors
-seem to have high self esteem/confidence but actually vulnerable to real/perceived threats to their status
Histrionic disorder is more prevalent in ____ while narcissistic disorder is more prevalent in _____
-women
-men
3 disorders in the anxious/ fearful personality group
-avoidant behavior personality disorder
-obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
-dependent personality disorder
definition of avoidant behavior personality disorder
Marked by anxiousness and feelings of inadequacy and social ineptness
Avoidant behavior general symptoms
-often avoid social situations that require significant interpersonal contact
-afraid of being embarrassed or rejected by others
-low self esteem
-impaired social skills/ functioning
-dependent
Dependent personality disorder definition
Marked by extreme submissiveness and a strong need to be liked and be taken care of by others
Dependent personality disorder general symptoms
-seems helpless
-need guidance over smallest decisions
-low self-esteem, self-doubt, self criticism
-may volunteer to do unpleasant tasks to gain approval
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder definition
Marked by rigidity, perfectionism and strong need for control
People with obsessive-compulsive disorder do not usually have _____ and ____ like OCD
obsessions and compulsions
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder’s general symptoms
-stubborn, rigid, and perfectionist to the point where no task ever gets done
-“control freaks”
-strained relationships bc of a tendency to become uninvolved/ detached but also authoritarian and domineering\
-prone to anxiety and physical disorders
Obsessive compulsive, avoidant behavior and dependent personality is all most common in ____
women
Stigma associated with personality disorder
-they cause it themselves
-mental health professionals say its ‘more difficult to manage’ and hold the view that they are ‘un-cureable’
-many patients are misdiagnosed so they often receive the wrong medication or psychological treatment
What are the biological risk for odd/ eccentric personality disorders
-psychobiology theory of personality disorders (genetics may set the stage for cognitive and perceptual patterns)
-many people w these disorders have trouble attending to and selecting relevant stimuli in the enviroment
What are the family factors for odd/ eccentric
-parental maltreatment
-neglect
-parental emotional withdrawal
Causes for odd/ eccentric personality disorders
-likely caused by genetic predisposition
-genetic diathesis may influence family environment
-neurobiological vulnerabilities influence development of cognitive beliefs
What are the biological risk factors for dramatic personality disorders
-moderate genetic predispositions
-impulsive aggression is associated with reduced serotonin
-psychopathy/ conduct disorder is associated w reduced brain size (specifically moral development areas)
-Noradrenergic neurotransmitter is closely related to mood shifts
Antisocial personality disorder shows ___ genetic predispositions
Significant
What are the environmental risk factors for dramatic personality disorders
-Traumatic childhood experiences
-several cognitive beliefs (like believing that lying, cheating deception are acceptable ways to secure what they want)
Causes of dramatic personality disorders
Likely caused by genetic predispositions and family-based stressors
What are the biological risk factors for anxious/ fearful personality disorders
-genetics is a modest factor
-many have a genetic basis that includes behavioral inhibition, tendency to anticipate harm, and excessive sensitivity
-neurobiological vulnerabilities involving the noradrenergic and GABA neurotransmitters
What are the environmental risk factors for avoidant personality disorder
-disorder may result when an anxious, introverted and unconfident person experiences repeated episodes of embarrassment, rejection of humiliation in childhood
-adolescence is also a hard time because of the importance of attractiveness, popularity, and dating
-cognitive schemas
What are the environmental risks for dependent disorder
-disorder may result from an interaction between an anxious/ fearful temperament and insecure attachment to parents
-cognitive schemas relate to becoming depressed when faced with interpersonal conflict/loss
What are the environmental risks for obsessive compulsive disorder
-disorder development may have been well-behaved and conscientious but perhaps overly serious or rigid
-not a lot is known
Causes of anxious/ fearful personality disorders
-genetic predispositions and family environment
-family history serves as genetic diathesis
-neurobiological vulnerabilities of anxiety/ inhibition
Prevention efforts of personality disorders is ______
rare
What are the three main risk factors to focus on for personality disorders and prevention
-child maltreatment
-poor interpersonal skills
-emotional dysregulation
What are the 3 primary assessments for personality disorders
-self report questionnaries
-Interviews (unstructured and structured)
-Informant reports (individuals who know a person well will complete ratings of their personality traits and behaviors
What biological treatment mostly targets borderline disorder?
medication
-antidepressants
-antianxiety
-antipsychotic
What are the three main groups to diagnose meds off of for personality disorders
-cognitive perceptual
-affect
-impulse aggression
what are the psychological treatments of personality disorders?
-short term psychodynamic therapy
-dialectical behavior therapy
What does short-term psychodynamic therapy do and what does it focus on in personality disorders? (what is key concept)
-Involves frequent meetings
-focuses on conflicts/ themes that impede someones life
-explore historical events on someones life
-KEY aspect= interpersonal conflict resolution, appropriate emotion experiences and less self destructive behaviors
What is dialectical behavior therapy for personality disorders?
-treatment for suicidal behavior and related features of borderline personality disorder
-addresses symptoms commonly associated with borderline disorder
What are the four treatment stages of dialectical behavior therapy
-Interpersonal skills training
-Emotional regulation skills training
-Distress tolerance skills training
-Mindfulness skills training
Dialectical behavior therapy is effective for reducing _____
suicidal behaviors, excessive substance use, number of days of psychiatric hospitalization
What is a psychotic disorder? How is it marked?
Its a class of mental disorders marked by schizophrenia and/or related disorders
-may have unusual emotional states or affect
What is Flat affect?
Lack of variety in emotional expression and speech
What is inappropriate affect? What’s an example?
Emotion not appropriate for a given situation
-laughing for a sad story
What are hallucinations and what types are they?
sensory experiences a person believes to be true when they actually are not
-auditory(voices)
-visual (seeing images or visions)
-tactile (feels bizarre sensations on skin)
-olfactory
What does catatonic mean?
Tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periods
-remaining in a near immovable state for hours
What does avolition mean?
People with psychotic disorders have trouble going to work or engaging in daily self care such as washing or getting dressed
What is schizophrenia/ how is it marked? and what are the two main groups of symptoms called?
Marked by positive symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations, negative symptoms such as flat affect and withdrawal and disorganized behavior
-postive and negative symptom groups
How long do you need to show symptoms of schizophrenia to be diagnosed?
6 months
What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Symptoms of delusions and hallucinations that are obvious and excessive (delusions, hallucinations and disorganized speech and behavior)
What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Symptoms such as flat affect and alogia that represent significant deficits in behavior (lack of speech/ behavior)
-Alogia: speaking very little to others
Whats the key positive symptom to schizophrenia?
Delusions
What are persecutory delusions in relation to schizophrenia?
beliefs that one is being harmed or harassed in some way
What are the three persecutory delusions
-thought insertion
-thought broadcasting
-thought withdrawal
What are grandiose delusions in relation to schizophrenia
irrational beliefs that one is an especially powerful or important person when this is not true
-more in bipolar and narcissism
What are referential delusions (or delusions of reference)
irrational beliefs that events in everyday life have something to do with onself
what are somatic delusions?
irrational beliefs that ones physical body is affected, usually in a negative way and often by a outside source
Whats the most common hallucination?
auditory
What are four disorganized speech examples/ categories?
Loose association, neologism, clan association, tangentiality phenomenon
What does loose association mean in relation to disorganized speech
mixed phrasing
what does neologism mean in relation to disorganized speech
making up words that don’t make sense to anyone
What does clang association mean in relation to disorganized speech
repeating words over and over that rhyme
whats the tangentiality phenomenon in relation to disorganized speech
Speaking clearly, stop without warning and then talk about an entirely new topic
What is disorganized/ catatonic behavior?
a person may be unable to care for themselves and not engage in appropriate hygiene, dress, or eating.
What is waxy flexibility/ catalepsy?
persons body part can be moved to a different posture and its maintained for long periods
What stereotypy or agitation?
show wild or uncontrolled motor acitivity
Whats echolalia? What’s echopraxia
echolalia: repeat others’ words
echopraxia: repeating actions
What is the definition of negative symptoms in relation to schizophrenia
Refers to pathological deficits in behavior or showing too little of a certain behavior
What are some common negative side effects?
-flat affect
-alogia(speaking very little to other people)
-avolition (inability or unwillingness to engage in goal-directed activities)
-anhedonia (lack of pleasure or interest in life activities)
-lack of insight (poor awareness of ones mental condition)
Are positive or negative symptoms of schizophrenia affected by meds? or both?
positive symptoms
What’s the first stage of schizophrenia?
Prodromal phase
What is the prodromal phase marked by in a person with schizophrenia?
The initial phase marked by peculiar thoughts and behaviors but without active psychotic feature
What is the prodromal phase marked by in a person with schizophrenia?
The initial phase marked by peculiar thoughts and behaviors but without active psychotic features
What’s the second stage of schizophrenia?
psychotic prephase
How is psychotic prephase marked in a person with schizophrenia?
Marked by the first ‘full blown’ positive symptom of schizophrenia (like hallucinations)
-usually admitted for treatment
Whats the third stage of schizophrenia?
Active phase
how long does psychotic prepahse go on for
usually less than 2 months
How long does active phase go on in schizophrenia
at least 6 months for a diagnosis
what is active phase marked by in schizophrenia?
Marked by full-blown psychotic features such as delusions and hallucinations
what is the fourth stage of schizophrenia?
residual phase
How is the residual phase marked in schizophrenia? what other phase is it similar to?
Phase usually after the active phase involving peculiar thoughts and behaviors
-similar to the prodromal phase
What type of view is schizophrenia measured by? what are the stages
dimensional
-mild, moderate and severe
What dimensions are included in schizophrenia
positive symptoms, negative symptoms, depression and mania AND social disturbance
