chapter two Flashcards
Genotype
Produces characteristics like eye color that do NOT change over time
Phenotype
Observable characteristics of a person that CAN change over time like behaviors and symptoms
DNA and its shape
Deoxyribonucleic acid and its a double helix
development of behavior is often …
polygenetic
Genetic contributions to psychopathology is around what percent?
less than 50%
Branches of the nervous system: (CNS) and what it includes
Central nervous system and it includes the brain and spinal cord
Branches of nervous system: (PNS) and what it includes
The peripheral nervous system and it contains the somatic and autonomic branches
Soma definition:
Cell body
Dendrites definition:
Branches that receive messages from other neurons
Axon trunk definition:
Sends messages to other neurons
Axon terminals definition:
Buds at the end of an axon form which chemical messages are sent
synapses defintion:
small gaps that separate neurons
neurons operate ___ but communicate ___
Electrically, chemically
neurotransmitters are the ___ messengers
chemical
Frontal lobe jobs:
Thinking and reasoning abilities, memory, brakes on arousal
Parietal lobe jobs:
Touch recognition
Occipital lobe jobs:
Integrates visual output
Temporal lobe jobs:
recognition of sights, sounds, and long term memory storage
What does the biological model assume?
That the mental states, emotions, and behaviors arise largely from physical process
Why is the biological model important for understanding?
It helps us understand many components of major mental disorders, but it can’t explain all of the aspects
the Psychodynamic model was created by who?
Sigmund freud
Psychodynamic model: childhood experiences shape what?
The adult personality
Psychodynamic model: causes and purposes of human behavior are not always…
obvious, but partly unconscious (unconscious motivation)
psychodynapic model: Defense mechanisms are used how?
People use defense mechanisms to calm and control their anxiety and stress
Psychodynamic model: Everything we do has ___ and ___ and is ____
Everything we do has meaning and purpose and is goal directed. (psychic determinism)
What is psycho determinism?
Everything we do has meaning and purpose and is goal directed. (we all have our own narrative of our life)
Three parts of the psychodynamic theory:
Superego, ego, ID
Superego guiding principle and task
guiding principle: Morality. Task: develop conscious and blocks impulses
Ego guiding principle and task
guiding principle: Reality. task mediate demands of ID and superego, cope with real world
ID guiding principle and task:
Guiding principle: Pleasure. Task: attain gratification of wants, needs, and impulses
psychodynamic assesment
-inkblots
-tat test
-sentence completion tests
psychodynamic strengths
-helps us focus on creating better environments for our children
-theory of defense mechanisms is intuitive
limitations of psychodynamic
-Relative lack of research support for its major assumptions
-Abstract and difficult to measure
Humanistic models major theorists
-Maslow
-Rogers
-May
Maslows theory for humanistic model
-self actualization, hierarchy of needs
Rogers (the father of humanistic theory) ideals for humanistic theory
-Client centered therapy, unconditional positive regard
Mays ideals for humanistic theory
-Authenticity, existential psychology
Evaluation of humanistic model:
-Positive psychology (factors that allow people to thrive)
-Ethical guidelines (refrain from biases; respect)
Weaknesses over humanistic model
-Theory lacks great empirical support, and ignores biological influences
-not applicable to severe forms of psychopathology
Two parts of the cognitive-behavioral model
-cognitive
-behavioral
Behavioral perspective definition
-focus on environmental stimuli and behavioral responses
-Direct observation and measurement
cognitive perspective definition
-people often behave in ways that have little to do with reinforcement or classical conditioning
Learning principles: Classical conditioning
-a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
-Pavlov’s dogs
-what went wrong -> fix it by training
learning principles: Operant conditioning
-Positive reinforcement
-negative reinforcement
cognitive principles
-cognitive schemas
-cognitive distortions
cognitive schemas defintion
-beliefs or exceptions that affect behavior
cognitive behavioral model: (what it includes)
-modeling (vicariuous conditoning)
-avoidence conditioning
modeling (vicarious conditioning) definition:
-observing and learning from others
avoidance conditioning:
-combines classical and operant conditioning
-avoides objects or siutations b/c of fear/distress drives avoidence
learning principles of cognitive behavioral theory
-functional anyalsis of behavior
-SORC model
SORC model definition
S-stimulis, O-organism, R-response/behavior, C- consequences
Treatments for cognitive behavioral theory
-CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)
-Rational restructuring (ABC- a=stimulis, b=behavior, c=consequences)
-systematic desensitization
-exposure treatment
-token economy
positives of cognitive behavioral theory
-very influential and dominates clincial psychology
-effective treatments
limitations of cognitive behavioral theory
-does not always provide the best account of how problems orginally develop
Sociocultural factors:
-Culture
-Gender
-Neighborhoods/ communities
-families
Sociocultural perspective
-great emphasis on enviromental and social influences on psychological problems
Culture definition
-unique behavior and lifestyle shared by a group of people
-not innate, but learned from others
-different that enthicy and race
culture bound syndromes
-(direct cause)
-everyone in a culture having superstition type beliefs
-koro, dhat
treatment for sociocultural model
-family therapy
-couples therapy
-prevent discrimination
