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Biology 30 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Classification

A

the grouping of organisms based on a set of criteria

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2
Q

Taxonomy

A

a discipline of biology primarily concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species based on natural relationships

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3
Q

8 levels of classification

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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4
Q

What is Aristotle’s ethnicity and when did he create his system.

A

Greek; (384 - 322 B.C.)

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5
Q

What did Aristotle’s system classify and what factors were his classifications based off?

A

Animals and plants, based on red blood, habitat, and morphology for animals, while size and structure for plants

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6
Q

Carl Von Linne

A

Father of classification, Swedish naturalist, created binomial nomenclature

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7
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Genus name in caps; Species name lowercase, Underlined when written by hand. Latin is used

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8
Q

Species can also be called

A

Specific epithet

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9
Q

Systematist

A

a person who works to identify new species & relationships among new species

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10
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of a species

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11
Q

Characters

A

inherited factors that vary among species

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12
Q

2 types of Morphological characters

A

analogous characters, and homologous characters

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13
Q

Analogous characters

A

same function different structure (does not indicate close evolutionary relationship)

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14
Q

Homologous characters

A

Possibly different functions but the same or similar structure (indicates close evolutionary relationship)

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15
Q

Biochemical characters

A

Characters like, DNA, Aminoacids, Nucleotides, Chromosomes, etc. Used to determine the evolutionary relationship among species

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16
Q

Molecular clock

A

a model that compares DNA sequences from two different species to estimate how long the species have been evolving since they diverged from a common ancestor

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17
Q

4 things that affect the rate of mutation

A

Position in the genome, type of protein which the mutation affects, type of mutations, the population in which the mutation occurs.

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18
Q

Mutation

A

Changes in the DNA of a species from its ancestors DNA

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19
Q

Cladistics

A

a method that classifies organisms according to the order that they diverged from a common ancestor

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20
Q

Character types

A

Ancestral character; Derived character

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21
Q

Ancestral character

A

found within the entire line of descent of a group of organisms

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22
Q

Derived character

A

Present in members of one group of the line but not in the common ancestor

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23
Q

Cladograms

A

a branching diagram that represents the proposed evolutionary history of a species or group

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24
Q

The primary assumption

A

the greater the number of derived characters shared by groups the more recently the groups share a common ancestor

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25
Q

Cladograms are also called

A

Phylogenetic tree

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26
Q

The tree of life

A

Started by Charles Darwin followed by Ernest Haeckel, represents a phylogenetic tree of all life on earth

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27
Q

How many species have been described by scientists?

A

about 1.75 million species

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28
Q

3 types of domains

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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29
Q

6 types of kingdoms

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Anaimalia

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30
Q

The most abundant organisms

A

Domain bacteria

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31
Q

Bacteria cell walls contain

A

Peptidoglycan

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32
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

a polymer that contains two kinds of sugars that alternate in the chain. a netlike structure that is simple and porous, yet strong

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33
Q

Archaea

A

extremophiles; live in extreme environments; resemble the first life forms of earth; all unicellular

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34
Q

3 types of extremophiles

A

thermoacidophiles, halophiles, methanogens

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35
Q

3 types of cell structures in Protista

A

Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular

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36
Q

3 groups in Protista

A

Algae like, Protozoans, Fungus like

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37
Q

Algae

A

all autotrophs

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38
Q

Protozoans

A

amoebas, heterotrophs, animal-like

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39
Q

Funguslike

A

slime molds and mildews

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40
Q

Euglenoids

A

protists that have both animal and plant-like characteristics

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41
Q

Protist cell walls

A

Varies but can contain cellulose

42
Q

Fungi

A

Uni or multicellular
Has a cell wall composed of chitin
all heterotrophic
lack motility

43
Q

Chitin

A

a rigid polymer that provides structural support

44
Q

Hyphae

A

thread-like filaments in fungi that are responsible for its growth, feeding, and reproduction

45
Q

3 types of fungi

A

parasitic, saprobes, mutualistic

46
Q

Parasitic

A

grow and feed on other organisms

47
Q

Saprobes

A

eat dead or decaying organic matter

48
Q

Mutualistic

A

called lichens; live in mutualistic relationships with algae; get food from the algae that live among their hyphae

49
Q

Plantae

A

mostly autotrophic
all multicellular
lack motility
cell walls contain cellulose

50
Q

Animalia

A

no cell walls, multicellular, most are mobile

51
Q

Example of Animalia that can’t move

A

Choral

52
Q

Bacteria and Archae cells are

A

Prokaryotes

53
Q

Prokaryote means

A

before a nucleus

54
Q

Monera

A

single, another name for bacteria

55
Q

Eubacteria

A

another name for bacteria means “true bacteria”

56
Q

Thermoacidophiles

A

live in hot acidic places

57
Q

Halophiles

A

live in extremely salty places; some use a protein for photosynthesis

58
Q

Methanogens

A

all anaerobes, use Carbon dioxide during respiration to produce methane

59
Q

Methanogens can be found in a cow’s digestive tracts and they break down

A

Cellulose

60
Q

Are bacteria unicellular or multicellular?

A

Unicellular

61
Q

Archae chromosomes

A

genes are found in large circular chromosomes in an area of the cell called the nucleoid

62
Q

Many prokaryotes also have a smaller piece of DNA called___which also has a circular arrangement

A

plasmid

63
Q

Capsule

A

a layer of polysaccharides around the cell wall

64
Q

4 functions of a capsule in prokaryotes

A

prevents cells from drying out, helps cells to attach to surfaces, helps prevent bacteria from being engulfed by white blood cells, shelters cells from the effects of antibiotics

65
Q

Pili

A

found on the outer surface of some bacteria ; hair-like structures maid of protein; submicroscopic

66
Q

Spherical or round prokaryotes

A

Cocci/coccus

67
Q

Rod-shaped prokaryotes

A

Bacilli/bacillus

68
Q

Spiral shaped prokaryotes

A

spirilli/spirillum

69
Q

Gram-positive

A

large amount of peptidoglycan, appear darl purple after staining

70
Q

Gram-negative

A

less peptidoglycan and appear light pink after staining

71
Q

Prokaryotes flagella

A

made of filaments and help prokaryotes move

72
Q

2 ways prokaryotes reproduce

A

binary fission and conjugation

73
Q

binary fission

A

division of a cell into two genetically identical cells (asexual process)

74
Q

Conjugation

A

2 prokaryotes attach to each other and exchange genetic information, this uses a pilus (singular for pili) provides genetic diversity

75
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

cannot live or grow in the presence of O2, for example tetanus or lockjaw (grow in deep wounds without O2)

76
Q

Facilitate anaerobes

A

can grow in the presence of oxygen or without it (example E. coli)

77
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

require O2 to grow (for example tuberculosis; affects human lungs)

78
Q

Fungi and prokaryotes can both be

A

saprobes

79
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

photosynthesis for chemoautotrophs

80
Q

endospore

A

survival technique for bacteria; creates a spore coat around a copy of the bacteria’s chromosome and some of its cytoplasm, the bacteria might die but the endospore grows into a new bacteria when conditions are better

81
Q

Saprobes are ___

A

decomposers or detrivores; return vital materials to the environment like nitrogen

82
Q

Nitrogen builds

A

amino acids

83
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

bacteria that have enzymes that can convert nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that are useful to other organisms example soybeans, clover & alfalfa

84
Q

Normal flora

A

harmless bacteria that live in or on us

85
Q

Ecoli is

A

a normal flora, certain strains can be harmful; has a symbiotic relationship with humans

86
Q

Symbiotic relationship

A

2 organisms provide resources for each other, (for example, we provide E. coli with a warm place and food, while E. coli provides an essential nutrient called vitamin K)

87
Q

botulism

A

bacteria that secrete a toxin that paralyzes cells in the nervous system

88
Q

tooth decay

A

bacteria use sugar in the mouth for energy then secrete acids that erode the teeth

89
Q

Virus definition

A

a nonliving strand of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat (not in a domain or kingdom)

90
Q

Most viruses infect

A

a few specific hosts

91
Q

Viruses need a ______ to become activated

A

living host cell

92
Q

Viruses contain a core of

A

nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

93
Q

The DNA and RNA core of a virus is surrounded by

A

a protein coat called a CAPSID

94
Q

4 shapes & sizes of a virus

A

Rod-shaped (tobacco mosaic virus), Poly-hedral (many-sided; poliovirus), Head & tail (bacterial virus), lastly, very small viruses

95
Q

Vaccination

A

process of deliberately infecting a person with a weakened organism or virus

96
Q

Retroviruses

A

replicate nucleic acid in the reverse of the standard way. Instead of DNA to RNA, they make RNA then DNA

97
Q

Viroid definition

A

tiny particles of pure RNA that cause disease in plants

98
Q

Prion definition

A

a protein that can cause infection or disease is called proteinaceous

99
Q

More on Viroids

A

do not have capsids

100
Q

More on Prions

A

do not contain nucleic acids

101
Q

Viroids threaten

A

Plants

102
Q

Prions threaten

A

animals, specifically animal brains

Biology 30 (6 decks)

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