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Biology 30 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Classification

A

the grouping of organisms based on a set of criteria

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2
Q

Taxonomy

A

a discipline of biology primarily concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species based on natural relationships

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3
Q

8 levels of classification

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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4
Q

What is Aristotle’s ethnicity and when did he create his system.

A

Greek; (384 - 322 B.C.)

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5
Q

What did Aristotle’s system classify and what factors were his classifications based off?

A

Animals and plants, based on red blood, habitat, and morphology for animals, while size and structure for plants

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6
Q

Carl Von Linne

A

Father of classification, Swedish naturalist, created binomial nomenclature

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7
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Genus name in caps; Species name lowercase, Underlined when written by hand. Latin is used

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8
Q

Species can also be called

A

Specific epithet

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9
Q

Systematist

A

a person who works to identify new species & relationships among new species

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10
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of a species

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11
Q

Characters

A

inherited factors that vary among species

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12
Q

2 types of Morphological characters

A

analogous characters, and homologous characters

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13
Q

Analogous characters

A

same function different structure (does not indicate close evolutionary relationship)

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14
Q

Homologous characters

A

Possibly different functions but the same or similar structure (indicates close evolutionary relationship)

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15
Q

Biochemical characters

A

Characters like, DNA, Aminoacids, Nucleotides, Chromosomes, etc. Used to determine the evolutionary relationship among species

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16
Q

Molecular clock

A

a model that compares DNA sequences from two different species to estimate how long the species have been evolving since they diverged from a common ancestor

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17
Q

4 things that affect the rate of mutation

A

Position in the genome, type of protein which the mutation affects, type of mutations, the population in which the mutation occurs.

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18
Q

Mutation

A

Changes in the DNA of a species from its ancestors DNA

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19
Q

Cladistics

A

a method that classifies organisms according to the order that they diverged from a common ancestor

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20
Q

Character types

A

Ancestral character; Derived character

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21
Q

Ancestral character

A

found within the entire line of descent of a group of organisms

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22
Q

Derived character

A

Present in members of one group of the line but not in the common ancestor

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23
Q

Cladograms

A

a branching diagram that represents the proposed evolutionary history of a species or group

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24
Q

The primary assumption

A

the greater the number of derived characters shared by groups the more recently the groups share a common ancestor

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25
Cladograms are also called
Phylogenetic tree
26
The tree of life
Started by Charles Darwin followed by Ernest Haeckel, represents a phylogenetic tree of all life on earth
27
How many species have been described by scientists?
about 1.75 million species
28
3 types of domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
29
6 types of kingdoms
Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Anaimalia
30
The most abundant organisms
Domain bacteria
31
Bacteria cell walls contain
Peptidoglycan
32
Peptidoglycan
a polymer that contains two kinds of sugars that alternate in the chain. a netlike structure that is simple and porous, yet strong
33
Archaea
extremophiles; live in extreme environments; resemble the first life forms of earth; all unicellular
34
3 types of extremophiles
thermoacidophiles, halophiles, methanogens
35
3 types of cell structures in Protista
Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
36
3 groups in Protista
Algae like, Protozoans, Fungus like
37
Algae
all autotrophs
38
Protozoans
amoebas, heterotrophs, animal-like
39
Funguslike
slime molds and mildews
40
Euglenoids
protists that have both animal and plant-like characteristics
41
Protist cell walls
Varies but can contain cellulose
42
Fungi
Uni or multicellular Has a cell wall composed of chitin all heterotrophic lack motility
43
Chitin
a rigid polymer that provides structural support
44
Hyphae
thread-like filaments in fungi that are responsible for its growth, feeding, and reproduction
45
3 types of fungi
parasitic, saprobes, mutualistic
46
Parasitic
grow and feed on other organisms
47
Saprobes
eat dead or decaying organic matter
48
Mutualistic
called lichens; live in mutualistic relationships with algae; get food from the algae that live among their hyphae
49
Plantae
mostly autotrophic all multicellular lack motility cell walls contain cellulose
50
Animalia
no cell walls, multicellular, most are mobile
51
Example of Animalia that can't move
Choral
52
Bacteria and Archae cells are
Prokaryotes
53
Prokaryote means
before a nucleus
54
Monera
single, another name for bacteria
55
Eubacteria
another name for bacteria means "true bacteria"
56
Thermoacidophiles
live in hot acidic places
57
Halophiles
live in extremely salty places; some use a protein for photosynthesis
58
Methanogens
all anaerobes, use Carbon dioxide during respiration to produce methane
59
Methanogens can be found in a cow's digestive tracts and they break down
Cellulose
60
Are bacteria unicellular or multicellular?
Unicellular
61
Archae chromosomes
genes are found in large circular chromosomes in an area of the cell called the nucleoid
62
Many prokaryotes also have a smaller piece of DNA called___which also has a circular arrangement
plasmid
63
Capsule
a layer of polysaccharides around the cell wall
64
4 functions of a capsule in prokaryotes
prevents cells from drying out, helps cells to attach to surfaces, helps prevent bacteria from being engulfed by white blood cells, shelters cells from the effects of antibiotics
65
Pili
found on the outer surface of some bacteria ; hair-like structures maid of protein; submicroscopic
66
Spherical or round prokaryotes
Cocci/coccus
67
Rod-shaped prokaryotes
Bacilli/bacillus
68
Spiral shaped prokaryotes
spirilli/spirillum
69
Gram-positive
large amount of peptidoglycan, appear darl purple after staining
70
Gram-negative
less peptidoglycan and appear light pink after staining
71
Prokaryotes flagella
made of filaments and help prokaryotes move
72
2 ways prokaryotes reproduce
binary fission and conjugation
73
binary fission
division of a cell into two genetically identical cells (asexual process)
74
Conjugation
2 prokaryotes attach to each other and exchange genetic information, this uses a pilus (singular for pili) provides genetic diversity
75
obligate anaerobes
cannot live or grow in the presence of O2, for example tetanus or lockjaw (grow in deep wounds without O2)
76
Facilitate anaerobes
can grow in the presence of oxygen or without it (example E. coli)
77
Obligate aerobes
require O2 to grow (for example tuberculosis; affects human lungs)
78
Fungi and prokaryotes can both be
saprobes
79
Chemosynthesis
photosynthesis for chemoautotrophs
80
endospore
survival technique for bacteria; creates a spore coat around a copy of the bacteria's chromosome and some of its cytoplasm, the bacteria might die but the endospore grows into a new bacteria when conditions are better
81
Saprobes are ___
decomposers or detrivores; return vital materials to the environment like nitrogen
82
Nitrogen builds
amino acids
83
Nitrogen fixation
bacteria that have enzymes that can convert nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that are useful to other organisms example soybeans, clover & alfalfa
84
Normal flora
harmless bacteria that live in or on us
85
Ecoli is
a normal flora, certain strains can be harmful; has a symbiotic relationship with humans
86
Symbiotic relationship
2 organisms provide resources for each other, (for example, we provide E. coli with a warm place and food, while E. coli provides an essential nutrient called vitamin K)
87
botulism
bacteria that secrete a toxin that paralyzes cells in the nervous system
88
tooth decay
bacteria use sugar in the mouth for energy then secrete acids that erode the teeth
89
Virus definition
a nonliving strand of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat (not in a domain or kingdom)
90
Most viruses infect
a few specific hosts
91
Viruses need a ______ to become activated
living host cell
92
Viruses contain a core of
nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
93
The DNA and RNA core of a virus is surrounded by
a protein coat called a CAPSID
94
4 shapes & sizes of a virus
Rod-shaped (tobacco mosaic virus), Poly-hedral (many-sided; poliovirus), Head & tail (bacterial virus), lastly, very small viruses
95
Vaccination
process of deliberately infecting a person with a weakened organism or virus
96
Retroviruses
replicate nucleic acid in the reverse of the standard way. Instead of DNA to RNA, they make RNA then DNA
97
Viroid definition
tiny particles of pure RNA that cause disease in plants
98
Prion definition
a protein that can cause infection or disease is called proteinaceous
99
More on Viroids
do not have capsids
100
More on Prions
do not contain nucleic acids
101
Viroids threaten
Plants
102
Prions threaten
animals, specifically animal brains

Biology 30 (6 decks)

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