Protists & Fungi Flashcards
1
Q
Cells are classified as Eukaryotic if they have…
A
A nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
2
Q
Describe the theory of Endosymbiosis
A
A theory created by Lynn Margulis that attempts to explain the origin of protists. It essentially states that prokaryotes combined with each other and evolved into eukaryotes like protists.
3
Q
Approximately how many organisms are classified as protists
A
200,000
4
Q
Protists are classified by …
A
the way they obtain nutrition
5
Q
What are the 3 types (phyla) of protists
A
Animal-like, Plantlike, and Fungus like protists
6
Q
Animal-like protists can also be called…
A
Protozoans
7
Q
Where do protists tend to live?
A
Damp or aquatic environments such as decaying leaves, damp soil, ponds, streams, and oceans.
8
Q
Microsporidia
A
Microscopic protozoans that cause diseases in insects; some of them can be used as insecticides
9
Q
What are the 4 types (classes) of protozoans called
A
Ciliophora, Sarcodina, Apimcomplexa, and Zoomastigina
10
Q
Ciliophora can also be called…
A
Ciliates
11
Q
Describe Ciliophora
A
A type of Protozoa that uses cilia to move.
12
Q
Protozoans are classified by…
A
their form of movement
13
Q
Cilia
A
Short hair-like projections that some unicellular organisms use to move through things like water and food particles. (Feeding and Movement)
14
Q
Structure of Cilia on Ciliates
A
Some ciliates have cilia covering their entire plasma membrane, while some have groups of cilia covering parts of their membrane
15
Q
Examples of Ciliates
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Stentor, Trichodina pediculus, Paramecium bursaria
16
Q
Paramecia
A
A genus that classifies a group of organisms in the class Ciliophora.
17
Q
Paramecium bursaria
A
An organism in the genus Paramecium that lives symbiotically with green algae
18
Q
Contractile Vacuole
A
An organelle in paramecia that expels excess water from its cytoplasm and also occasionally excrete waste.
19
Q
How do ciliates reproduce
A
They reproduce asexually by binary fission and sexually by conjugation.
20
Q
Describe Sarcodina
A
Protozoans that use pseudopods for feeding and locomotion
21
Q
Pseudopod
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a temporary extension of cytoplasm that can surround and envelop a smaller organism and turn it into a food vacuole.
22
Q
Amoeba
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Sarcodina that are enveloped in thickened cytoplasm called ectoplasm.
23
Q
Tests
A
a hard porous covering similar to a shell that surrounds the cell membrane of an amoeba
24
Q
Examples of amoebas that have tests
A
Formaniferans and radiolarians
25
Amoeba reproduction
Amoebas reproduce asexually through binary fission,
26
Apicomplexa are also known as...
Sporozoans
27
Describe Apicomplexa
Apicomplexa are parasitic organisms that can release spores at some point in their life cycle
28
Apicomplexa and diseases
They cause a variety of diseases in humans. Sporozoans found in the genus Plasmodium are responsible for the disease malaria.
29
Apicomplexa and vertebrates
Apicomplexa infect vertebrates and invertebrates by living as internal parasites through the use of special organelles.
30
Zoomastigina are also called
zooflagellates
31
Describe Zoomastigina
they are protozoans that use flagella for movement
32
What is another name for plantlike protists
Algae
33
Phytoplankton
Some unicellular algae are referred to as phytoplankton
34
Why are Phytoplanktons beneficial
They are the base of the food web in aquatic ecosystems and they provide a lot of oxygen
35
Algologist
Someone who studies algae
36
How are Algaes classified?
they are classified by the type of chlorophyll and secondary pigments they have, their method of food storage, and the composition of their cell walls
37
Diatoms
photosynthetic unicellular algae; a type of phytoplankton
38
Why are diatoms called diatoms?
they consist of 2 unequal halves
39
Diseases caused by Zooflagalletes
East African, West African, and American sleeping sickness
40
Cysts
Amoebas become cysts to survive harsh conditions
41
Flagella
long whip-like projections that protrude from the cell and are used for movement
42
How do diatoms store their food?
They store their food as oils
43
Diatomaceous earth can be used as
an abrasive, a filtering agent, tooth and metal polishes.
44
Diatoms reproduce
asexually and sexually
45
Algal blooms
a population explosion of dinoflagellates
46
Red tides
Algal blooms of red-pigmented dinoflagellates. They warn us that organisms in the affected body of water may contain potentially lethal nerve toxin
47
Euglenoids
Protists that have both animal and plant-like characteristics and use flagella to move
48
Eyespots
Organelles in Euglenoids. A light-sensitive receptor that helps lead the euglenoid towards the light it needs for photosynthesis.
49
Euglenoids feed on
Light energy, smaller organisms and dissolved nutrients from their environment. Some can be animal parasites
50
Pigment in Chrysophytes
carotenoids
51
Colony
a group of cells that join together to form a close association
52
Brown algae
Very large algae that contain a pigment called fucoxanthin that gives them their brown color
53
Brown algae habitat
rocky coasts in cool areas of the world
54
The body of kelp is called...
thallus
55
Why do brown algae have air bladders
It helps them to float to the surface of the water where light is available for photosynthesis
56
Green algae
These algae are very similar to plants and are mostly found in freshwater
57
3 examples of Green algae
Desmids, Spirogyra, Volvox
58
Desmids
Unicellular green algae that are symmetrically divided into two parts connected by a bridge
59
Spirogyra
A multicellular green alga that has long thin filaments
60
Why is spirogyra called spirogyra
it is called spirogyra due to the spiral pattern of chloroplasts
61
Volvox
A green alga; a colony of cells held together by cytoplasmic strands. They move with a flagella
62
Red algae
Multicellular algae that contain red photosynthetic pigments called phycobilins. They can live very deep in the ocean
63
What do some members of Red algae help to form
Coral reefs
64
Fragmentation
An asexual form of reproduction in which a multicellular individual breaks into separate pieces and each piece grows into individual organisms. This form of reproduction can be found in green algae
65
Different uses for algae
Diatoms make Tooth polish & Abrasives, and separation of waste
Red algae can be used in Soups and Sushi, Its agar can be used in pie fillings
Green algae are eaten in salads and relish
66
Slime molds
Fungus like protists that feed on decaying matter and release spores to reproduce
67
How do slime molds differ from fungi
Their cell walls are composed of cellulose not chitin
68
Slime mold habitats
They are usually found in damp, shady places where decaying organic matter is located.
69
Plasmodium
a mobile mass of cytoplasm that contains many diploid nuclei but no separate cells. This is the feeding stage of a slime mold
70
How are water molds and downy mildew important?
They are good because they help decompose dead matter, but they are bad because they cause diseases.
71
Phytophthora infestans
A type of downy mildew, known for causing the potato disease that plagued Ireland's agriculture
72
Bordeaux mixture
a combination of copper sulfate, lime, and water that is an effective fungicide and bactericide.
73
Hyphae
thread-like filaments that act as the basic structural units that make up the body of a multicellular fungus
74
Mycelium
A netlike mass made out of hyphae
75
Fruiting body
The above-ground structure of a fungus that is responsible for its reproduction
76
Septa
Cross walls in fungi that divide hyphae into cells
77
Saprophytic Fungi
Fungi that eat dead organisms or organic wastes
78
Mutualistic Fungi
A type of fungi that lives in a mutualistic relationship with another organism such as a plant or an alga.
79
Parasitic fungi
A type of fungi that absorbs nutrients from the living cells of a host.
80
Budding
A form of asexual reproduction in which the new cell develops while attached to the parent cell, before being separated by a plasma membrane.
81
Fragmentation (Fungi)
a form of reproduction that occurs when the mycelium of a fungus is physically broken apart or fragmented. If the hyphae land in a suitable location, new mycelia will be formed, and in turn, a new fungi
82
Spore
a haploid reproductive cell with a hard outer coat
83
Characteristics of a spore
They are mass-produced by fungi, they are very light and can be carried by the wind, they can survive in very harsh conditions
84
Sporangiumm
a sac or case in which spores are produced
85
Evaluation history of a fungi
Fungi and animals may have diverged from common protest ancestor
86
Fungi are divided into four major phyla
Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota
87
Chytridiomycota are also called
Chytrids
88
Characteristics of a Chytrid
Some are saprophytes while others are parasites. They are mostly aquatic. They were also once classified as protists but their cell wall contained chitin
89
Chytrid spores
Chytrids produce flagellated spores. Flagella allows the spore to swim through water
90
Rhizoid
A type of hyphae that penetrates food and absorbs nutrients
91
Stolons
A type of hyphae that spreads across the surface of foods
92
Zygomycota
The most familiar members of Zygomycota are the common molds. Common molds obtain nutrition through rhizoids and stolons
93
Gametangia
Reproductive structures in Zygomycota that each contain a haploid nucleus. They join together to create a diploid zygote
94
Diploid zygote
This formation grows into a zygospore and allows Zygomycota to reproduce
95
Ascomycota can be generally referred to as
Sac fungi
96
Conidiophores
Spore-producing hyphae that form sac fungi spores at its tip.
97
Basidiomycota can be generally referred to as
Mushrooms or Club fungi
98
Mushroom spores are called
basidiospores
99
Deuteromycota
A type of fungi that seems to have no sexual stage
100
Lichen
The photosynthetic partner in a symbiotic fungus relationship is referred to as a lichen.
101
Reindeer moss
a type of lichen that can survive in cold temperatures. It provides a major source of food for arctic animals like reindeer.
102
Bioindicator
A living organism that is sensitive to changes in the environmental conditions and is one of the first organisms to respond to changing conditions
103
How are lichens a bioindicator?
Lichens are especially susceptible to airborne pollutants. This makes them good indicators for air pollution in the area.
104
Mycorrhiza
a symbiotic relationship between a specialized fungus and plants roots.
105
How are Mycorrhiza beneficial
Mycorrhiza makes their plant partners healthier and more vigorous, some plants like orchids can not survive without mycorrhiza. Crops like carrots, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and strawberries all rely on mycorrhiza.
106
Medicines fungi make
Penicillin, Claviceps purpurea, and Cyclosprine
107
Penicillin
an antibiotic that kills harmful bacteria
108
Claviceps purpurea
medicine derived from chemical compounds in fungi that reduce HBP, control excessive bleeding, treat migraine headaches, and promote contractions during childbirth.
109
Cyclosporine
a type of medicine created from Deuteromycota that keeps organ transplant patients from rejecting new organs
110
Foods that fungi made
Bread through yeast fermentation
Alcohol through fermentation
Some mushrooms are edible
Mycorrhiza makes it possible for us to eat most of the plants that we eat.
Truffles are fungi
Fungi flavour cheeses like brie
The citrus flavour found in soda are created by fungi
111
Bioremediation
the process in which fungi break down pollutants into harmless substances
112
Harmful fungi
Parasitic fungi tend to be harmful to their partners. Alfalfa plants, grapes, and American elm trees are all victims of Parasitic fungi.
113
Characteristics of fungi
They are all heterotrophic, all contain chitin in their cell walls, all have hyphae, and are all eukaryotic.
