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Biology 30 > Protists & Fungi > Flashcards

Protists & Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells are classified as Eukaryotic if they have…

A

A nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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2
Q

Describe the theory of Endosymbiosis

A

A theory created by Lynn Margulis that attempts to explain the origin of protists. It essentially states that prokaryotes combined with each other and evolved into eukaryotes like protists.

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3
Q

Approximately how many organisms are classified as protists

A

200,000

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4
Q

Protists are classified by …

A

the way they obtain nutrition

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5
Q

What are the 3 types (phyla) of protists

A

Animal-like, Plantlike, and Fungus like protists

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6
Q

Animal-like protists can also be called…

A

Protozoans

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7
Q

Where do protists tend to live?

A

Damp or aquatic environments such as decaying leaves, damp soil, ponds, streams, and oceans.

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8
Q

Microsporidia

A

Microscopic protozoans that cause diseases in insects; some of them can be used as insecticides

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9
Q

What are the 4 types (classes) of protozoans called

A

Ciliophora, Sarcodina, Apimcomplexa, and Zoomastigina

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10
Q

Ciliophora can also be called…

A

Ciliates

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11
Q

Describe Ciliophora

A

A type of Protozoa that uses cilia to move.

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12
Q

Protozoans are classified by…

A

their form of movement

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13
Q

Cilia

A

Short hair-like projections that some unicellular organisms use to move through things like water and food particles. (Feeding and Movement)

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14
Q

Structure of Cilia on Ciliates

A

Some ciliates have cilia covering their entire plasma membrane, while some have groups of cilia covering parts of their membrane

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15
Q

Examples of Ciliates

A

Stentor, Trichodina pediculus, Paramecium bursaria

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16
Q

Paramecia

A

A genus that classifies a group of organisms in the class Ciliophora.

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17
Q

Paramecium bursaria

A

An organism in the genus Paramecium that lives symbiotically with green algae

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18
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A

An organelle in paramecia that expels excess water from its cytoplasm and also occasionally excrete waste.

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19
Q

How do ciliates reproduce

A

They reproduce asexually by binary fission and sexually by conjugation.

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20
Q

Describe Sarcodina

A

Protozoans that use pseudopods for feeding and locomotion

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21
Q

Pseudopod

A

a temporary extension of cytoplasm that can surround and envelop a smaller organism and turn it into a food vacuole.

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22
Q

Amoeba

A

Sarcodina that are enveloped in thickened cytoplasm called ectoplasm.

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23
Q

Tests

A

a hard porous covering similar to a shell that surrounds the cell membrane of an amoeba

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24
Q

Examples of amoebas that have tests

A

Formaniferans and radiolarians

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25
Q

Amoeba reproduction

A

Amoebas reproduce asexually through binary fission,

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26
Q

Apicomplexa are also known as…

A

Sporozoans

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27
Q

Describe Apicomplexa

A

Apicomplexa are parasitic organisms that can release spores at some point in their life cycle

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28
Q

Apicomplexa and diseases

A

They cause a variety of diseases in humans. Sporozoans found in the genus Plasmodium are responsible for the disease malaria.

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29
Q

Apicomplexa and vertebrates

A

Apicomplexa infect vertebrates and invertebrates by living as internal parasites through the use of special organelles.

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30
Q

Zoomastigina are also called

A

zooflagellates

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31
Q

Describe Zoomastigina

A

they are protozoans that use flagella for movement

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32
Q

What is another name for plantlike protists

A

Algae

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33
Q

Phytoplankton

A

Some unicellular algae are referred to as phytoplankton

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34
Q

Why are Phytoplanktons beneficial

A

They are the base of the food web in aquatic ecosystems and they provide a lot of oxygen

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35
Q

Algologist

A

Someone who studies algae

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36
Q

How are Algaes classified?

A

they are classified by the type of chlorophyll and secondary pigments they have, their method of food storage, and the composition of their cell walls

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37
Q

Diatoms

A

photosynthetic unicellular algae; a type of phytoplankton

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38
Q

Why are diatoms called diatoms?

A

they consist of 2 unequal halves

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39
Q

Diseases caused by Zooflagalletes

A

East African, West African, and American sleeping sickness

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40
Q

Cysts

A

Amoebas become cysts to survive harsh conditions

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41
Q

Flagella

A

long whip-like projections that protrude from the cell and are used for movement

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42
Q

How do diatoms store their food?

A

They store their food as oils

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43
Q

Diatomaceous earth can be used as

A

an abrasive, a filtering agent, tooth and metal polishes.

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44
Q

Diatoms reproduce

A

asexually and sexually

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45
Q

Algal blooms

A

a population explosion of dinoflagellates

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46
Q

Red tides

A

Algal blooms of red-pigmented dinoflagellates. They warn us that organisms in the affected body of water may contain potentially lethal nerve toxin

47
Q

Euglenoids

A

Protists that have both animal and plant-like characteristics and use flagella to move

48
Q

Eyespots

A

Organelles in Euglenoids. A light-sensitive receptor that helps lead the euglenoid towards the light it needs for photosynthesis.

49
Q

Euglenoids feed on

A

Light energy, smaller organisms and dissolved nutrients from their environment. Some can be animal parasites

50
Q

Pigment in Chrysophytes

A

carotenoids

51
Q

Colony

A

a group of cells that join together to form a close association

52
Q

Brown algae

A

Very large algae that contain a pigment called fucoxanthin that gives them their brown color

53
Q

Brown algae habitat

A

rocky coasts in cool areas of the world

54
Q

The body of kelp is called…

A

thallus

55
Q

Why do brown algae have air bladders

A

It helps them to float to the surface of the water where light is available for photosynthesis

56
Q

Green algae

A

These algae are very similar to plants and are mostly found in freshwater

57
Q

3 examples of Green algae

A

Desmids, Spirogyra, Volvox

58
Q

Desmids

A

Unicellular green algae that are symmetrically divided into two parts connected by a bridge

59
Q

Spirogyra

A

A multicellular green alga that has long thin filaments

60
Q

Why is spirogyra called spirogyra

A

it is called spirogyra due to the spiral pattern of chloroplasts

61
Q

Volvox

A

A green alga; a colony of cells held together by cytoplasmic strands. They move with a flagella

62
Q

Red algae

A

Multicellular algae that contain red photosynthetic pigments called phycobilins. They can live very deep in the ocean

63
Q

What do some members of Red algae help to form

A

Coral reefs

64
Q

Fragmentation

A

An asexual form of reproduction in which a multicellular individual breaks into separate pieces and each piece grows into individual organisms. This form of reproduction can be found in green algae

65
Q

Different uses for algae

A

Diatoms make Tooth polish & Abrasives, and separation of waste
Red algae can be used in Soups and Sushi, Its agar can be used in pie fillings
Green algae are eaten in salads and relish

66
Q

Slime molds

A

Fungus like protists that feed on decaying matter and release spores to reproduce

67
Q

How do slime molds differ from fungi

A

Their cell walls are composed of cellulose not chitin

68
Q

Slime mold habitats

A

They are usually found in damp, shady places where decaying organic matter is located.

69
Q

Plasmodium

A

a mobile mass of cytoplasm that contains many diploid nuclei but no separate cells. This is the feeding stage of a slime mold

70
Q

How are water molds and downy mildew important?

A

They are good because they help decompose dead matter, but they are bad because they cause diseases.

71
Q

Phytophthora infestans

A

A type of downy mildew, known for causing the potato disease that plagued Ireland’s agriculture

72
Q

Bordeaux mixture

A

a combination of copper sulfate, lime, and water that is an effective fungicide and bactericide.

73
Q

Hyphae

A

thread-like filaments that act as the basic structural units that make up the body of a multicellular fungus

74
Q

Mycelium

A

A netlike mass made out of hyphae

75
Q

Fruiting body

A

The above-ground structure of a fungus that is responsible for its reproduction

76
Q

Septa

A

Cross walls in fungi that divide hyphae into cells

77
Q

Saprophytic Fungi

A

Fungi that eat dead organisms or organic wastes

78
Q

Mutualistic Fungi

A

A type of fungi that lives in a mutualistic relationship with another organism such as a plant or an alga.

79
Q

Parasitic fungi

A

A type of fungi that absorbs nutrients from the living cells of a host.

80
Q

Budding

A

A form of asexual reproduction in which the new cell develops while attached to the parent cell, before being separated by a plasma membrane.

81
Q

Fragmentation (Fungi)

A

a form of reproduction that occurs when the mycelium of a fungus is physically broken apart or fragmented. If the hyphae land in a suitable location, new mycelia will be formed, and in turn, a new fungi

82
Q

Spore

A

a haploid reproductive cell with a hard outer coat

83
Q

Characteristics of a spore

A

They are mass-produced by fungi, they are very light and can be carried by the wind, they can survive in very harsh conditions

84
Q

Sporangiumm

A

a sac or case in which spores are produced

85
Q

Evaluation history of a fungi

A

Fungi and animals may have diverged from common protest ancestor

86
Q

Fungi are divided into four major phyla

A

Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota

87
Q

Chytridiomycota are also called

A

Chytrids

88
Q

Characteristics of a Chytrid

A

Some are saprophytes while others are parasites. They are mostly aquatic. They were also once classified as protists but their cell wall contained chitin

89
Q

Chytrid spores

A

Chytrids produce flagellated spores. Flagella allows the spore to swim through water

90
Q

Rhizoid

A

A type of hyphae that penetrates food and absorbs nutrients

91
Q

Stolons

A

A type of hyphae that spreads across the surface of foods

92
Q

Zygomycota

A

The most familiar members of Zygomycota are the common molds. Common molds obtain nutrition through rhizoids and stolons

93
Q

Gametangia

A

Reproductive structures in Zygomycota that each contain a haploid nucleus. They join together to create a diploid zygote

94
Q

Diploid zygote

A

This formation grows into a zygospore and allows Zygomycota to reproduce

95
Q

Ascomycota can be generally referred to as

A

Sac fungi

96
Q

Conidiophores

A

Spore-producing hyphae that form sac fungi spores at its tip.

97
Q

Basidiomycota can be generally referred to as

A

Mushrooms or Club fungi

98
Q

Mushroom spores are called

A

basidiospores

99
Q

Deuteromycota

A

A type of fungi that seems to have no sexual stage

100
Q

Lichen

A

The photosynthetic partner in a symbiotic fungus relationship is referred to as a lichen.

101
Q

Reindeer moss

A

a type of lichen that can survive in cold temperatures. It provides a major source of food for arctic animals like reindeer.

102
Q

Bioindicator

A

A living organism that is sensitive to changes in the environmental conditions and is one of the first organisms to respond to changing conditions

103
Q

How are lichens a bioindicator?

A

Lichens are especially susceptible to airborne pollutants. This makes them good indicators for air pollution in the area.

104
Q

Mycorrhiza

A

a symbiotic relationship between a specialized fungus and plants roots.

105
Q

How are Mycorrhiza beneficial

A

Mycorrhiza makes their plant partners healthier and more vigorous, some plants like orchids can not survive without mycorrhiza. Crops like carrots, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and strawberries all rely on mycorrhiza.

106
Q

Medicines fungi make

A

Penicillin, Claviceps purpurea, and Cyclosprine

107
Q

Penicillin

A

an antibiotic that kills harmful bacteria

108
Q

Claviceps purpurea

A

medicine derived from chemical compounds in fungi that reduce HBP, control excessive bleeding, treat migraine headaches, and promote contractions during childbirth.

109
Q

Cyclosporine

A

a type of medicine created from Deuteromycota that keeps organ transplant patients from rejecting new organs

110
Q

Foods that fungi made

A

Bread through yeast fermentation
Alcohol through fermentation
Some mushrooms are edible
Mycorrhiza makes it possible for us to eat most of the plants that we eat.
Truffles are fungi
Fungi flavour cheeses like brie
The citrus flavour found in soda are created by fungi

111
Q

Bioremediation

A

the process in which fungi break down pollutants into harmless substances

112
Q

Harmful fungi

A

Parasitic fungi tend to be harmful to their partners. Alfalfa plants, grapes, and American elm trees are all victims of Parasitic fungi.

113
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A

They are all heterotrophic, all contain chitin in their cell walls, all have hyphae, and are all eukaryotic.

Biology 30 (6 decks)

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