unit 3 Flashcards
what is a phospholipid made of
a phosphate head (polar), 2 fatty acid tail (non-polar), and a glycerol
types of proteins in plasma membrane
intergral and peripheral
factors that effect movement across the plasma membrane
size, polarity, concentration gradient
why is it called the fluid mosaic model
because it describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components that give the membrane a fluid character
difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes lack a membrane bound nucleus and organelles
difference between passive and active transport
both require protein transporters, active requires ATP and is against the concentration gradient while passive does not require energy and is with the concentration gradient
types of endocytosis
pinocytosis (extracellular fluid) and phagocytosis (large molecules)
hypotonic vs hypertonic
hypotonic: solute concentration is lower outside of cell then inside cell (water enters cell), Hypertonic: solute concentration is higher outside then inside (water leaves cell)
role of ribosomes
to create proteins by converting genetic code into amino acid sequences
role of endoplasmic reticulum
to make, process and transport proteins and lipids
role of the golgi body
to process and package proteins and lipids, especially for export
role of vesicles
to store and transport materials
what is exocytosis
the bulk transport of materials outside of a cell
what direction what are DNA and RNA synthesised
5’ to 3’
what are the 3 types of RNA
messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA
Differences between DNA and RNA
RNA has uracil instead of RNA, RNA is single stranded and it contains a ribose sugar instead of a deoxyribose sugar
what is a nucleotide made of
a pentose sugar attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base
what is a group of 3 nucleotides call
a codon
what are the 3 bases complimentary to a codon called
an anticodon
what is the proteome
the complete set or proteins expressed by an organism or cell
anabolic vs catabolic
an anabolic reaction requires energy while a catabolic reaction releases energy
what are the 4 hierarchical levels or protein structure
primary: the sequence of amino acids
secondary: regular, repeated patterns of folding in the protein (alpha helix, beta pleated sheet and random coil)
tertiary: the overall functional, 3d shape of a protein
quaternary: the presence of 2 or more polypeptide chains in a protein
define polymer
a macromolecule consisting of repeating subunits
is condensation polymerisation anabolic or catabolic
anabolic
what is produced as a result condensation polymerisation
water
name the monomer:
proteins
nucleic acids
polysaccharides
amino acids, nucleotides and monosaccharides
through which process are nucleic acids and proteins made
condensation polymerisation
function of tRNA
carries complimentary amino acids to the ribosomes and adds them to the growing polypeptide chain
function of mRNA
carries and transports the genetic material required to build a protein
function of rRNA
along with proteins, makes up ribosomes
what enzyme catalyses the synthesis of RNA
RNA polymerase
what is transcription
the process where a mRNA is produced off of a complimentary DNA strand
