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biology > changes in biodiversity over time > Flashcards

changes in biodiversity over time Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

steps in fossilisation

A

organism dies and is rapidly buried in sediment
oxygen poor and alkaline conditions contribute
either minerals in surrounding rock enter the hard tissues, forming mineralised fossils, or organism decays, leaving a mould in the rock.

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2
Q

when did life first form

A

around 3.7 billion years ago

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3
Q

what eon did prokaryotes arise

A

archean

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4
Q

when was the great oxygenation event and what happened

A

2.4 billion years ago (beggining of the proterozoic eon), occurred when bacteria in the oceans evolved the ability to photosynthesise, and oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere, killing off obligate anaerobes

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5
Q

what are obligate anaerobes

A

microorganisms that are killed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen

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6
Q

when did eukaryotic and multicellular organisms arise

A

Proterozoic eon

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7
Q

when did animals become terrestrial

A

around 400 mya

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8
Q

what was the period called where organisms rapidly began to diversify

A

the Cambrian explosion

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9
Q

examples of organism from the Cambrian explosion

A

trilobites and brachiopods

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10
Q

two types of dating

A

relative and absolute

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11
Q

what is the principle of superposition

A

rocks at the top layers are younger, while deeper rock are older (used for relative dating)

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12
Q

what is an index fossil

A

fossils used to define and identify geologic period

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13
Q

requirements for an index fossil

A

must be widely distributed, abundant, distinctive, and must have existed for a short and know period of time

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14
Q

methods of absolute dating

A

radiometric dating (carbon 14 - nitrogen 14, and potassium 40 - argon 40) and electron spin resonance

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15
Q

paleontology is the study of

A

ancient life represented by fossils

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16
Q

define fossil

A

the preserved remains, impressions or traces of a once living organism

17
Q

types of fossils

A

mineralised, impression/trace, mould, cast and biosignature

18
Q

what is a mineralised fossil

A

when minerals from rocks surrounding fossil replace the organic material of the fossil over time

19
Q

what is an impression fossil

A

when a structure leaves an imprint in soft earth, which hardens and forms a fossil in the shape of the original object

20
Q

what are mould/cast fossils

A

mould is when the fossil decays and leaves an impression in its shape, while a cast fossil is when something fills this mould to form the shape of the organism

21
Q

what is a biosignature

A

chemical signs preserved in rocks that are inferred to be cellular (or the the product of metabolic activities)

22
Q

what is biogeography

A

study of the distribution of organisms, can be used to find patterns

23
Q

what is structural morphology

A

the study of the body structures and features in organisms

24
Q

homologous features

A

features between organisms that have different functions but similar structure

25
Q

analogous feature

A

have similar functions but different structures (such as wings)

26
Q

developmental biology

A

studies how an organism grows and develops

27
Q

convergent evolution

A

when similar features evolve independently in unrelated organisms

28
Q

divergent evolution

A

when 2 related organisms become more different over time

29
Q

adaptive radiation

A

divergent evolution of a large number of species within a relatively short period of time, from a common ancestor

30
Q

coevolution

A

when 2 species evolve together in response to selection pressures (such as flowers and bees)

31
Q

background extinction

A

the average rate of natural loss of species

32
Q

mass extinction

A

large scale extinctions following a disruptive change to global climate

33
Q

angiosperms are:

A

flowering plants

34
Q

what is the term used to describe the first terrestrial animals and all of their descendants

A

tetrapods

35
Q

vestigial structure

A

homologous structures that were once used in ancestral species, but due to disuse evolve to become smaller and weaker over time

36
Q

how far back can carbon dating be used

A

50000 years

37
Q

which is the correct order:

  1. angiosperms formed
  2. terrestrial life formed
  3. first multicellular organism
  4. mammals formed
A

3,2,4,1

biology (15 decks)

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