Unit 2A - urban issues and challenges (1. the urban world)

Question 1

what is urbanisation

Answer 1

Urbanisation means an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. An urban area is a built-up area such as a town or city. A rural area is an area of countryside.

Question 2

what is the global pattern of urban change

Answer 2

in MEDCs over 60% of the population live in cities, in less developed regions such as south and east Asia over half of the population live in cities, and in all but 6 countries in Africa more than 20% and almost 40%.

Question 3

what is the global pattern of urban change

Answer 3

in MEDCs over 60% of the population live in cities, in less developed regions such as south and east Asia over half of the population live in cities, and in all but 6 countries in Africa more than 20% and almost 40%.

Question 4

in the future how will urbanisation distribute around 2050

Answer 4

the greatest rate of urbanisation will be shown in LICs and NEEs, urbanisation is slowing in HIC where counter urbanisation is taking place

Question 5

what is counter urbanisation

Answer 5

This is when people move from an urban area to a more rural area.

Question 6

why are cities getting bigger

Answer 6

rural urban migration - movement of people from countryside to cities
natural increase - where birth rate is higher than the death rate

Question 7

what is the cause of rural-urban migration

Answer 7

push and pull factors

Question 8

what are push factors

Answer 8

pushing away from staying in your current location

Question 9

what are pull factors

Answer 9

pulling someone in to moving else where

Question 10

push factors of rural urban migration

Answer 10

farming is hard and poorly paid
soil erosion makes it hard to farm
drought and other climate hazards make farming difficult
poor harvests lead to malnutrition
basic learning
few doctors and hospitals
rural areas are isolated due to poor roads

Question 11

pull factors of rural urban migration

Answer 11

well paid jobs
higher standard of living
better chance of education
better medical facilities 
public transport is better
range of entertainments

Question 12

what are mega cities

Answer 12

cities with a population over 10 million

Question 13

where is Rio de Janerio located

Answer 13

brazils Atlantic coast, was the capital of Brazil until 1950 now the capital is Brasilia, famous annual carnival, lots of sights (statue of christ the redeemer, one of the 7 wonders of the world), has 5 ports and 3 airports

Question 14

how has rio grown

Answer 14

second largest city in Brazil, 6.7 million population, become a big tourist spot and has rapidly grown in the last 50 yrs

Question 15

name the four section rio has decided to split up its land

Answer 15

centre, south zone, west zone, north zone

Question 16

what are squatter settlements

Answer 16

are any collection of buildings where the people have no legal rights to the land they are built upon. rio has a lot of these.

Question 17

what is in the north zone of rio

Answer 17

city’s main industrial and port area
city’s international airport and Maracana soccer stadium
areas of favelas

Question 18

what is in the west zone of rio

Answer 18

main Olympic stadiums
luxury apartments
shopping malls

Question 19

what is in the centre of rio

Answer 19

oldest part of the city
main shopping area
brazils largest oil and mining companies

Question 20

what is in the south zone of rio

Answer 20

main tourist hotels and beaches
luxury and middle class flats

Question 21

what are the certain things that rio struggles to provide for their rapidly growing population

Answer 21

health care
education
water supply
energy
this causes great inequalities

Question 22

how has rio tried to improve health care

Answer 22

medical staff take medical kits into peoples homes and are able to detect twenty different diseases as well as treat them. as a result infant mortality has gone down and life expectancy has increased

Question 23

how many children aged 10 can read in rio

Answer 23

90%

Question 24

how many children cannot attend school because of financial situations

Answer 24

25%, only half of children stay in school after 14 and some drop out and some get into drug trafficking

Question 25

how has rio attempted to improve education

Answer 25

encouraging people to volunteer in school
giving school grants to poorer families
making money available to pay for free sports lessons

Question 26

what percentage of rios population did not have access to running water

Answer 26

12%

Question 27

how did rio attempt to improve its water supply

Answer 27

7 new treatment plants were built between 1998 and 2014.

Question 28

how has rio attempted to improve its energy supply

Answer 28

installing 60km of new power lines
built a new nuclear generator
developing a new hydro electric complex which increases rios energy supply by 30% and it took 6 years to build and cost 2 billion usd.

Question 29

what are some of the types of employment in rio

Answer 29

port industries
oil refining
manufacturing
tourism 
construction
retail and distribution

Question 30

when was the challenge of unemployment in brazil

Answer 30

in 2015 Brazil was hit was hit with a deep recession, people were protesting about poor education, high taxes, and bad health care. despite the growth in job opportunities unemployment was one of the big reasons why there were such big contrasts in wealth.

Question 31

what are rios environmental challenges

Answer 31

smog caused by slow moving traffic
huge areas sprawling squatter settlements
heavy pollution

Question 32

what does the air pollution in rio cause

Answer 32

5000 deaths yearly

due to heavy traffic and congestion

Question 33

what causes people to increase the chance of air pollution

Answer 33

high crime rates meaning people like travelling by a vehicle such as a car
number of cars in rio have increased by 40%

Question 34

how has rio tried to improve traffic congestion and air pollution

Answer 34

new toll roads into city centre
making cost roads one way during rush hrs
expansion of metro system

Question 35

what has water pollution in rio caused

Answer 35

danger water pollution could effect beaches which would damage tourism and the local economy
many of the 55 rivers flowing into the bay are heavily polluted
over 200 tonnes of raw sewage pours into the. bay each day
ships empty their tanks in the bay because there is no proper way to dispose it

Question 36

what has rio done to improve water pollution

Answer 36

5km of new sewage pipes
ships are being fine for discharging fuel
12 new sewage works have been built

Question 37

what are favelas

Answer 37

squatter settlements in Brazil. illegal settlements that have built homes on land they do not own

Question 38

how many favelas are in the greater rio area

Answer 38

800

Question 39

where are favelas located in rio

Answer 39

60% in suburbs
25% in the outer parts
some built up to 40km away from city centre
22% of rios population lives in favelas

Question 40

what is the biggest favela in rio

Answer 40

rocinha

Question 41

what is rocinha’s population

Answer 41

75000

Question 42

how have local authorities improved favelas

Answer 42

90% of houses are built. with bricks and electricity running water and sewage systems

Question 43

what are the challenges of squatter settlements

Answer 43

construction, services, unemployment, crime, health