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Nutrition > Unit 2.1 > Flashcards

Unit 2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some reasons a person eats carbs

A

To lose weight

To bulk up with muscle

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2
Q

Carbs are a primary or only source of energy for what cells?

A

CNS

RBC

Muscles for vigorous physical activity

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3
Q

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of:

A

Monosaccharides

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4
Q

Major sugar in foods and in the body

From starch, sucrose and lactose

A

Glucose

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5
Q

Fruit sugar

From sucrose, honey, fruits and high-fructose corn syrup

A

Fructose

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6
Q

From lactose

Only dietary carb exclusively for animal sources

A

Galactose

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7
Q

Maltose, sucrose and lactose are examples of:

A

Disaccharides

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8
Q

Types of simple carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Oligosaccharides

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9
Q

Maltose source:

From ____ break down

Linkage:

A

Molasses

Starch

Alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkage

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10
Q

Sucrose is what type of sugar?

A

Sucrose

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11
Q

What type of linkage is sucrose?

A

Alpha-1,2 glycosidic linkage

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12
Q

Lactose is what kind of sugar?

A

Milk

The only animal dietary carbohydrate

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13
Q

Linkage type for lactose

A

Beta-1,4 glycosidic linkage

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14
Q

Types of oligosaccharides

A

Maltotriose

Raffinose

Stachyose

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15
Q

Maltotriose is from _____ degradation

A

Starch

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16
Q

Linkage type for maltotriose

A

2 alpha-glycosidic linkages

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17
Q

Raffinose is found from ____.

A

Beans (legumes)

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18
Q

Linkages for raffinose

A

One beta-1,6 and one alpha-1,2 glycosidic linkage

Gal-Glc-Fru

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19
Q

Stachyose is a simple carbohydrate from

A

Beans

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20
Q

Linkages of stachyose

A

Two beta-1,6 and one alpha-1,2 glycosidic linkage

Gal-gal-glc-fru

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21
Q

What is cellulase?

A

Enzymatic activity capable of breaking beta glycosidic linkages

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22
Q

What cells have cellulase activity?

A

Only microbial cells

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23
Q

Cellulase is high in the gut of:

A

Ruminants

Termites

Ants

Fungus

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24
Q

What are digestible polysaccharides?

A

Starch (whole grains, pastas, bread, legumes, potatoes)

Glycogen (non dietary— liver and muscle)

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25
Q

What are indigestible polysaccharides? Examples?

A

Insoluble fiber
- cellulose, hemicellulose (plant cell wall)

Soluble fiber

  • Pectin (Flesh of fruits)
  • mucilages (psyllium husk, flaxseeds)
  • Gums and beta glucans (oats, legumes, barley)
  • Algal polysaccharides (algae and seaweeds)
26
Q

What type of starch?

Linear polymer, alpha-1,4 linkages only

About 20% of typical starch

A

Amylose

27
Q

What type of starch?

Branches polymer, alpha 1,4 and alpha-1,6 linkages (about ever 25 glucose)

About 80% of typical starch

A

Amylopectin

28
Q

Typical starch is found where?

A

In white potatoes

Wheat

Corn

Rice

29
Q

Modified starch is more _______ in to increase:

A

Branches

Gelling properties

30
Q

Glycogen is storage of ______ in animals and bacteria

A

Glucose

31
Q

Glycogen is structurally similar to ______, but is more _____.

A

Amylopectin

Branches

32
Q

Linkages of glycogen

A

Alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6

Branches (alpha 1,6) about every 10 glucose

33
Q

Glycogen is more ______ than amylopectin

A

Soluble

34
Q

Glycogen can do what very rapidly? (3)

A

Can be synthesized

Be degraded

Raise blood

35
Q

Glycogen is stored in the _____ for blood glucose

And in the ______ for muscle energy

A

Liver

Muscle

36
Q

Glycogen (IS/IS NOT) a dietary carbohydrate

A

Is not

37
Q

Monosaccharides in fibers are linked by:

A

Beta-glycosidic linkages

38
Q

What is a non-carbohydrate fiber? Where can it be found?

A

Lignin

Woody parts of plants (bark)

Polyphenols

Flaxseeds, sesame seeds, whole grains, legumes, fruits and veggies

39
Q

Lignin builds to ___ _____ and decreases:

A

Bile acids

Serum cholesterol levels

40
Q

What are examples of carbohydrate fiber

A

Cellulose

Hemicellulose

Pectin

Gum

Mucilage

41
Q

Name examples of insoluble/non-fermentable fiber

A

Cellulose

Hemicellulose

Lignin

(Not fermented by bacteria in the colon)

42
Q

Examples of soluble / viscous / fermentable fiber

A

Gum

Pectin

Mucilage

Fruit

Vegetable

Rice bran

Psyllium seed

43
Q

Prebiotic are are type of:

They stimulate:

A

Functional fiber

Growth or activity of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine

44
Q

Review table in slide 17. Type that up later

A

Slide 17

45
Q

Carbohydrates in milk

A

Lactose

46
Q

Processed grains are relatively (HIGH/LOW) in fiber

A

Low

47
Q

2 categories of sweeteners

How do they provide energy?

A

Nutritive sweeteners
-can be oxidized to yield energy

Alternative sweeteners
-provide no energy or very little

48
Q

High-fructose corn syrup is mixed with:

A

Acid and enzymes

49
Q

Benefit of high-fructose corn syrup

A

It is cheaper than sucrose

50
Q

Sorbitol and xylitol are examples of what?

A

Sugar alcohols

51
Q

Excess consumption of sugar alcohols may have what effect?

A

A laxative effect

52
Q

What is the benefit of sugar alcohols?

A

They do not promote tooth decay (can be seen in sugarless gum)

53
Q

ADI for alternative sweeteners

A

mg per kg of body weight per day (that’s a mouthful)

54
Q

How many calories per gram in aspartame?

A

4 ca/g, but only a trace amounts is needed to sweeten foods

55
Q

Aspartame is not recommended for people with what?

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

56
Q

ADI for aspartame:

A

50– or about 14 cans of diet soft drink or about 80 packets of sweetener

57
Q

Steviol is a:

A

Glycoside

58
Q

Substrate, products and linkages of…

Alpha-amylase (saliva and pancreas)

A

Sub- starch

Products: Limit dextrin, increase maltose, maltotriose, isomaltose

Linkages: Alpha-1,4

59
Q

Substrate, products and linkages of…

Alpha-dextrinase

A

Sub- limit dextrins

Products: Malto-oligosaccharides

Linkages: alpha-1,6

60
Q

Substrate, products and linkages of…

Maltase

A

Substrate: Maltose

Products: 2 glucoses

Linkages: alpha-1,4

61
Q

Substrate, products and linkages of…

Glucoamylase

A

Substrate: maltotriose

Products: 3 glucoses

Linkages: alpha-1,4

62
Q

Substrate, products and linkages of…

Sucrose-isomaltase bifunctional domain isomaltase

A

Substrate: isomaltose

Products: 2 glucose’s

Linkages: alpha-1,6

Nutrition (10 decks)

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