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Nutrition > Unit 1.3 > Flashcards

Unit 1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of organization in the body

A

1- Chemical (atoms forming molecules)

2- Cellular (molecules forming organelles, such as mitochondria)

3- Tissue (similar cells and surrounding materials)

4- Different tissues combined to form organs)

5- Organ system level- (ex- stomach and intestines make up an organ system)

6- Organism- organ systems make this up

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2
Q

Components and functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Components: Heart, blood vessels and blood

Functions: Transport of nutrients, O2, CO2 and hormones. Immune response, body temp, homeostasis

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3
Q

Components and functions of the lymphatic system

A

Components: Lymph vessels, nodes and organs

Functions: defense, removes foreign matter from the blood and lymph, combats diseases and pathogens. Fluid homeostasis
Fat absorption

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4
Q

Components and functions of the digestive system

A

Components: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, rectum

Functions: Performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion and assimilation of nutrients and elimination of wastes

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5
Q

The portal vein circulation transports:

A

Water soluble nutrients from the small intestine to the liver

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6
Q

What nutrients does the portal vein transport?

A

Sugars, amino acids, water-soluble vitamins and minerals (trace minerals are transported in blood bound to protein)

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7
Q

The lymphatic system passes:

A

Lipid soluble nutrients and large particles
Lipids
Lipid-soluble vitamins

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8
Q

The lymphatic system empties into:

A

Veins leading to the heart

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9
Q

Function of the digestive system

A

Digestion

Absorption

Transport

Storage

Excretion

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10
Q

Functions of the mouth and salivary glands

A

Chew food

Perceive taste

Moisten food

Lubricate food with mucus

Release starch-digesting enzyme

Initiate swallowing reflex

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11
Q

Functions of the esophagus

A

Lubricate with mucus

Move food to stomach by peristaltic wages (swallowing)

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12
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

Store, mix, dissolve and continue digestion of food

Dissolve food particles with secretions

Kill microorganisms with acid

Release protein-digesting (pepsin) enzyme

Lubricate and protect stomach surface with mucus

Regulate emptying of dissolved food into small intestine

Produce intrinsic factor for vitamin B-12 absorption

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13
Q

Functions of the liver

A

Produce bile to aid for digestion and absorption

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14
Q

Function of the gallbladder

A

Store, concentrate and later release bile into the small intestine

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15
Q

Function of the pancreas

A

Secrete sodium bicarbonate and enzymes for digesting carbohydrate, fat, and protein

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16
Q

Function of the small intestine

A

Mix and propel contents

Lubricate with mucus

Digest and absorb most substances using enzymes made by the pancreas and small intestine

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17
Q

Function of the large intestine

A

Mix and propel contents

Absorb sodium, potassium, and water

House bacteria

Lubricate with mucus

Synthesize some vitamins and short-chain fatty acids

Form feces

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18
Q

Functions of the rectum

A

Hold feces and expel via the anus (opening to the outside of the body)

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19
Q

The GI tract, AKA:

A

The alimentary canal

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20
Q

A long, hollow muscular tube that extends from mouth to anus

A

GI tract (AKA alimentary canal)

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21
Q

The GI tract consists of:

A

Mouth

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Colon

Rectum

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22
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive system

A

Salivary glands

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

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23
Q

The wall of the GI tract consists of what 4 layers?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscle

Serosa

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24
Q

The saliva consists of what?

A

Solvent

Enzymes

Mucus

Others

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25
Q

Daily volume of saliva

A

8000-1500 ml (1000 ml on average)

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26
Q

Percentage of saliva that is water

A

> 95%

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27
Q

What is the digestive enzyme that aids in partial digestion of starch?

A

Alpha-amylase (ptyalin)

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28
Q

Ptyalin is inactivated by what?

A

Low pH of the stomach

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29
Q

What is the favorable pH range for amylase activity?

A

6-7

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30
Q

Saliva Mucus consists of:

A

Mostly water

Electrolytes (K+, HCO3-)

Glycoproteins (mostly polysaccharides with some protein, mucin)

Lubricant

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31
Q

Purpose of lubricant in the mucus in saliva

A

Facilitates swallowing

Coats wall of gut and prevents food from sticking to it

Resistant to breakdown by digestive enzymes

Small buffering capacity (protein and HCO3-)

Facilitates adherence of fecal material and removal of feces

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32
Q

What type of enzyme is lysozyme?

A

Digestive enzyme

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33
Q

Purpose of lysozyme in saliva

A

Breaks down cell wall of bacteria (has beta1->4 glycosides activity) and allows entry of thiocyanate

Oxidation of thiocyanate by H2O2 (Source: oral bacteria) to bacterial metabolites (hypothiocyanate and hypothiocyanous acid)

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34
Q

Purpose of R-Protein in saliva

A

Stabilized released vitamin B-12 from food

Essential for vitamin B-12 absorption

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35
Q

Capacity of the stomach

A

Approx 6 cups

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36
Q

Parietal cells secrete:

A

Hydrochloric acid

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37
Q

Purpose of hydrochloric acid

A

AIDS protein digestion

Solubilizes minerals for absorption

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38
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Enzymes

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39
Q

After ____ hours, food in the stomach is transformed into:

A

2-4 hours

Chyme

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40
Q

Mucus layer of the stomach prevents:

A

Auto-digestion

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41
Q

Where will you see secretion of the intrinsic factor? (IF)

What secretes it?

A

Stomach

Parietal cells

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42
Q

Daily volume of gastric secretions. What does this consist of?

A

About 1500ml (approx 6 cups)

Mostly water

Hydrochloric acid

Mucus

Pepsinogen

Intrinsic factor

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43
Q

Purpose of hydrochloric acid

A

Kill some food bacteria*

Initiates activation of pepsinogen *

Denatures and facilitates digestion of dietary protein

Partially denatures dietary protein

Solubilizes and keep minerals reduced to facilitate absorption

Releases food-bound vitamin B-12 and allows binding to R-Protein

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44
Q

Ideal pH for pepsinogen activation, partial digestion of dietary protein and binding of vitamin B-12 and R-Protein

A

1-2

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45
Q

Mucus in the stomach is secreted by:

A

Goblet cells

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46
Q

Pepsinogen is activated to active:

A

Pepsinogen

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47
Q

What is intrinsic factor?

A

A glycoprotein that binds to vitamin B-12- Releases it from R-protein in the small intestine and to carriers in the ileum allowing vitamin B-12 absorption

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48
Q

A hormone that stimulates (with acetylcholine) acid secretion by parietal cells and decreases appetite and food intake

A

Histamine

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49
Q

What secretes histamine?

A

Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL)

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50
Q

What is a hormone that stimulates pepsinogen and acid secretion

A

Gastric

51
Q

What secretes gastrin?

A

Gastrin (G) cells

52
Q

What is a hormone that acts as a short-term appetite stimulant? Let’s the brain know it is hungry

A

Ghrelin

53
Q

What secretes ghrelin?

A

Ghrelin cells

54
Q

Review slide 22

A

Slide 22

55
Q

Function of the lower esophageal sphincter

A

Prevent backflow (reflux) of stomach contents in into the esophagus

56
Q

Function of pyloric sphincter

A

Control the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine

57
Q

Function of the sphincter of oddi

A

Control the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine

58
Q

Function of ileocecal sphincter

A

Prevent the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine

59
Q

Function of the anal sphincter

A

Prevent defecation until person desires to do so.

60
Q

Muscular contraction involving progressive movement of food from one point to another along the GI tract

A

Peristalsis

61
Q

95% of digestion takes place where?

A

Small intestine (mostly in duodenum and upper jejunum)

62
Q

Properties of small intestine

A

Folded walls and villi

Absorptive cells

63
Q

How often is the body’s entire supply of enterocytes replaced?

A

Every 2-5 days

64
Q

Small intestine secretions

A

Water and mucus

Ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-)

Enteropeptidase

Sucrose

Lactose

Maltese

Isomaltase

Glucoamylase

Peptide PYY

Gastric Inhibitory peptide

65
Q

Purpose of enteropeptidatse

A

Starts activation of pancreatic zymogen

66
Q

Active trypsin activates:

A

Completes its own activation

Activates other zymogens

67
Q

What acts as a short-term appetite suppressor

A

Peptide PYY

68
Q

What secretes peptide PYY

A

Small and large intestines into the blood

69
Q

Gastric Inhibitory peptide (GIP) is secreted by:

It inhibits:

It stimulates:

A

Small intestine into the blood

Stomach motility

Insulin secretion

70
Q

Secretin is secreted by:

It stimulates:

A

Duodenum and jejunum into the blood

Secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate

71
Q

Cholecystokinin is secreted by:

It stimulates:

It inhibits:

A

Duodenum and jejunum into the blood

Pancreatic secretion (mostly zymogens)

Stomach motility

72
Q

Fats are absorbed as ____ by:

A

MAGS

Passive transport

73
Q

Proteins are absorbed as ___ ___ ___ by:

A

Free amino acids

Secondary active transport using a sodium gradient

74
Q

Glucose and galactose is absorbed by:

A

Secondary active transport using a sodium gradient (SGT)

75
Q

Fructose is absorbed by:

A

Passive transport (GLUT5)

76
Q

Liver and gallbladder secrete:

A

Bile

77
Q

The pancreas secretes:

A

Pancreatic juice

Digestive enzymes

Bicarbonate

Hormones

78
Q

Pro-lipases and proteases released in the small intestine and active by trypsin

A

Zymogens

79
Q

Activation of trypsin is initiated by:

A

Enteropeptidase (an active intestinal protease)

80
Q

Pancreatic secretion is regulated by _______ and by the intestinal hormones _______ and _______

A

Acetylcholine

Cholecystokinin and secretin

81
Q

What is the peptide hormone that decreases blood glucose and regulates metabolism of carbs and lipids?

A

Insulin

82
Q

Insulin is mostly release by:

A

Beta cells because of high blood glucose

83
Q

What is the peptide hormone that stimulates release of glucose from liver and regulates metabolism of carbs and lipids?

A

Glucagon

84
Q

Glucagon is release by:

A

Alpha cells because of low blood glucose

85
Q

Bile consists of:

A

Water (about 95%)

Bile salts (emulsifier)

Cholesterol (emulsifier)

Lecithins (emulsifiers)

Fatty acids (emulsifiers)

Bilirubin (for elimination in feces)

Ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+. Cl-, HCO3-)

86
Q

What is found in the large intestine?

A

Indigestible food stuff

Mucus-producing cells

Bacteria (probiotics and probiotics)

87
Q

Are there villi in the large intestine?

Enzymes?

A

No

No

88
Q

What is absorbed in the large intestine?

A

Water, some minerals and vitamins

89
Q

What are live microorganisms that provide health benefits when they are consumed in sufficient amounts

A

Probiotics

90
Q

What are non-digestive carbohydrates that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine

A

Probiotics

91
Q

Where are probiotics found?

A

In fermented foods, such as yogurt and miso (fermented soybean paste) and sold in capsules and powder

92
Q

Probiotics may help to prevent:

A

Diarrhea, food allergies and colon cancer

May also treat irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease

93
Q

Review slides 47 and 48

A

47 and 48

94
Q

Inulin is a ______ made of several units of ______

A

Inulin

Fructose

95
Q

Where is inulin found?

A

Chicory, wheat, onions, garlic, asparagus and bananas

96
Q

Why are inulin and other related compounds, such as fructans added to some processed foods?

A

To add texture, bulk and potential health benefits

97
Q

Factors of the rectum

A

Stool elimination (facilitated by fiber-rich diets)

Muscle contraction

Anal sphincters

98
Q

Primary nutrients absorbed in the stomach

A

Alcohol (20%) and water (minor amount)

99
Q

Primary nutrients absorbed in the small intestine

A

Calcium, magnesium, iron, other minerals, glucose, amino acids, fats, vitamins, water (70-90%) Alcohol (80%), bile acids

100
Q

Primary nutrients absorbed in the large intestine

A

Sodium, potassium, fat acids, gases, water (10-30%)

101
Q

What happens with bile in the liver

A

Bile acids convert into bile salts

Bile salts are transported small intestine via bile in gallbladder

102
Q

What happens with bile in the small intestine?

A

Bile salts convert to bile acids by intestinal bacteria

Bile acids transported back to the liver via the portal vein

103
Q

How is adipose tissue stored

A

Fat mostly

104
Q

What does the blood store?

A

Glucose and amino acids

105
Q

What is stored in the liver

A

Glucose (glycogen), vitamins and minerals

106
Q

What is stored in the muscle

A

Glycogen and amino acids (protein)

107
Q

What is stored in the bones

A

Protein and minerals

108
Q

Stomach acid reflux into the esophagus

Dysfunction of the esophageal sphincter

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

109
Q

GERD symptoms are ____, ____ and if left untreated can lead to:

A

Pain

Inflammation

Esophageal cancers

110
Q

Erosion of lining of stomach, esophagus or small intestine due to gastric acid and enzymes

A

Peptic ulcers

111
Q

80% of patients with peptic ulcers end up with what type of infection?

A

Helicobacter pylori infection

112
Q

Causes of peptic ulcers

A

Stress, medication, smoking

113
Q

Peptic ulcer inflammation can lead to..

A

Gastric cancers

114
Q

What are some medications that can lead to digestion and health problems?

A

Proton pump inhibitors

Antacids

Antibiotics

Phytochemicals

115
Q

Combination of abdominal cramps, grassiness, bloating and irregular bowel movement can be symptoms of:

A

Irritable Bowel syndrome

116
Q

Cause of IBS

Therapy includes:

A

Cause unknown— poorly digested carbs such as fructose, sugar alcohols likely

Eating high fiber diet, avoiding gassy foods and dairy

117
Q

Chronic immune mediated disease that targets small intestinal cells due to:

Genetic predisposition

Gluten sensitivity

Malabsorption of nutrients

A

Celiac disease

118
Q

Gallstones are mainly _____ and not enough:

A

Cholesterol (80%)

Bile salts

119
Q

What is nutritional genomics?

A

Study of interactions between nutrition and genetics; includes nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics

120
Q

What is nutrigenetics?

A

Study of the effects of genes on nutritional health, such as variations in nutrient requirement and responsiveness to dietary modifications

121
Q

What is nutrigenomics?

A

Study of how food impacts health through its interaction with out genes and its subsequent effect on gene expression

122
Q

Impact and significance of nutrigenomics:

A

Enhance the ability of health professionals to help individuals manage diseases and optimize health

123
Q

What are some nutritional diseases with a genetic link?

A

Heart disease

Hypertension

Obesity

Diabetes

Cancer

Nutrition (10 decks)

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