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Nutrition > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamins yield no ____

A

Energy

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2
Q

Basic functions of vitamins

A

Coenzymes

Hormones

Antioxidants

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3
Q

Blood formation and clotting vitamins

A

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B12

Folate

Vitamin K

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4
Q

Protein and amino acid metabolism vitamins

A

Vitamin B6

Folate

Vitamin B12

Vitamin C

Choline (not a true vitamin)

Riboflavin (indirect)

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5
Q

Antioxidant defense vitamins

A

Vitamin E

Vitamin C (likely)

Carotenoids

Riboflavin (indirect)

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6
Q

Gene expression vitamins

A

Vitamin A

Vitamin D

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7
Q

Bone health vitamins

A

Vitamin A

Vitamin D

Vitamin K

Vitamin C

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8
Q

Energy metabolism vitamins

A

Thiamine

Riboflavin

Niacin

Pantothenic acid

Biotin

Vitamin B12

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9
Q

Supplementation can provide:

A

Extra energy

Protection from disease

Prolonged youth (popular belief)

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10
Q

What vitamins are not really excreted?

A

Fat soluble vitamins (except vitamin K)

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11
Q

What vitamins are lost from the body readily?

How are they excreted?

A

Water soluble vitamins (except B6 and B12)

Excreted via urine

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12
Q

What vitamins can accumulate in the body

A

Fat-soluble vitamins (particularly A and D)

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13
Q

What vitamins can cause toxicity

A

Some water-soluble vitamins

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14
Q

Vitamin toxicity is most likely due to:

A

Supplementation

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15
Q

What can decrease vitamin content?

A

Improper storage

Excessive cooking

Exposure to light, heat, air, water and alkalinity

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16
Q

What destroys enzymes?

What does this do with vitamin degradation?

A

Blanching

Slows down vitamin degradation

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17
Q

Why should we keep fruits and veggies cool?

A

Enzymes in food begin to degrade vitamins once the fruit of veggies are picked.

Chilling reduces this process

(Potatoes, tomatoes onions and bananas do not need to be refrigerated)

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18
Q

Why refrigerate foods in moisture-proof, air-tight containers?

A

Nutrients keep best at temps near freezing, at high humidity and away from air

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19
Q

Why trim/peel/cut fruits and veggies minimally? (Just enough to remove rotten/inedible parts)

A

O2 breaks down vitamins faster when more surface is exposed.

Outer leaves of lettuce and other greens have higher values of vitamins and mineral than the inner, tender leaves or stems.

Potato skins and apple skins are higher in vitamins and minerals than the inner parts

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20
Q

Why microwave/steam/use a pan with small amounts of fat and a tight fitting lid to cook veggies?

A

More nutrients are retained when there is less contact w/ water and shorter cooking time.

Whenever possible, cook in their skins

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21
Q

Why minimize reheating food?

A

Prolonged reheating reduces vitamin content

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22
Q

Why should you not add fats to veggies during cooking if you plan to discard the liquid

A

Fat-soluble vitamins will be lost in discarded fat.

Add fats to veggies after they are fully cooked and drained

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23
Q

Why should you not add baking soda to veggies to enhance green color?

A

Alkalinity destroys much thiamin and other vitamins

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24
Q

Why store canned foods in a cool place?

A

These Cary in the amount of nutrients lost, largely bc of differences in storage time and temperatures.

To get max nutritive value from canned goods, serve any liquid packed w/ the food whenever possible

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25
Q

Because fat soluble vitamins are not readily excreted, they can cause:

A

Toxicity

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26
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed along with

A

Fat

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27
Q

Fat mal-absorption may cause:

A

Deficiency

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28
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins are transported w/ ____ in ____

A

Fat

Lipoproteins

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29
Q

Function of vitamin A (____)

A

Retinoids

This is a hormone

Retinal: visual pigment

Retinol: immune system

Retinoate: cell growth and proliferation

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30
Q

Vitamin D function

A

This is a hormone

Blood calcium and phosphorus regulation

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31
Q

Vitamin E function

A

General antioxidant
Prevents breakdown of vitamin A and unsaturated FA

Coenzyme function, maybe?

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32
Q

Vitamin K function

A

Prosthetic group coenzyme

Carboxylation glutamate in blood and bone proteins

Blood clotting factors activated

Activation of proteins involved in bone metabolism

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33
Q

RDA/adequate intake of vitamin A

A

Females: 700 micrograms RAE

Males: 900 micrograms RAE

2300-3000 IU if as performed (vitamin A)

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34
Q

RDA/adequate intake of vitamin D

A

15 micrograms (600 IU)

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35
Q

RDA/adequate intake of vitamin E

A

15 milligrams alpha-tocopherol

22 IU natural form, 33 IU (synthetic form)

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36
Q

RDA/adequate intake for vitamin K

A

Females: 90 micrograms

Males: 120 micrograms

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37
Q

Dietary sources for vitamin A

A

Preformed vitamin A:
Liver
Fortified milk
Fortified breakfast cereals

Provitamin A:
Sweet potatoes

Spinach

Greens

Cantaloupe

Apricots

Broccoli

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38
Q

Dietary sources of vitamin D

A

Vitamin D fortified milk

Fortified breakfast cereals

Fish oils

Sardines

Salmon

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39
Q

Dietary sources of vitamin E

A

Plant oils

Products made from plant oils

Some greens

Some fruits

Nuts and seeds

Fortified breakfast cereals

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40
Q

Dietary sources of vitamin K

A

Green veggies

Liver

Some plant oils

Some calcium supplements

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41
Q

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin A

A

Night blindness

Xerophthalmia

Poor growth

Dry skin

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42
Q

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin D

A

Rickets in children

Osteomalcia in adults

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43
Q

Vitamin E deficiency symptoms

A

Hemolysis of RBC

Nerve degeneration

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44
Q

Vitamin K deficiency symptoms

A

Hemorrhage fractures

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45
Q

Vitamin A toxicity symptoms

A

Fetal malformation

Hair loss

Skin changes

Bone pain

Fractures

Upper level is 3000 micrograms of preformed vitamin A (10,000 IU) based on the risk of birth defects and liver toxicity

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46
Q

Vitamin D toxicity symptoms

A

Growth retardation

Kidney damage

Calcium deposits in soft tissue

Upper level is 100 micrograms (4,000 IU) based on risk of elevated blood calcium

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47
Q

Vitamin E toxicity symptoms

A

Muscle weakness

Headaches

Nausea

Inhibition of vitamin K metabolism

Upper level is 1000 mg (1100 IUY synthetic forms, 1500 IU natural form)

Based on risk of hemorrhage

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48
Q

Toxicity symptoms of vitamin K

A

No upper level has been set.

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49
Q

Forms of vitamin A

A

Animals- preformed vitamin A or retinoids

Plants- pro-vitamin A or carotenoids

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50
Q

Forms of vitamin D

A

Animals- cholecalciferol (D3) from cholesterol

Plant sterols- ergocalciferol (D2)

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51
Q

Forms of Vitamin E

A

Plants only

Tocopherols — more active compounds

Tosotrienols — less active compounds

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52
Q

Forms of vitamin K

A

Plant- phylloquinone (K1)

Animal- menaquinone (K2) from intestinal bacteria

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53
Q

Deficiency of vitamin A is the most common cause of:

A

Non-accidental blindness in the world

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54
Q

Preformed vitamin A

A

Retinol (retinoids) and retinal esters (no vitamin A activity)

Found in animal sources— dairy, fish and meat (liver)

Absorption can be as high as 90%

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55
Q

Provitamin A

A

Carotenoids (found in plant products)

Can be converted to retinoid form

Absorption is lower than retinol

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56
Q

Over 90% of vitamin A is stored where

A

In liver and small amounts in adipose tissue, kidneys, bone marrow, testicles and eyes

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57
Q

Storage form of vitamin A

A

Retinyl esters

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58
Q

Sources of carotenoids

A

Dark-green, orange, red, and yellow veggies

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59
Q

Review slide 22

A

Slide 22

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60
Q

Function of:

Retinal:

Retinol:

Retinoate:

A

Visual pigment

Immune system

Cell growth and proliferation

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61
Q

Vitamin A analogs in dermatology

A

Retin-A and accutane to treat acne and psoriasis

Medications to lessen damage from excess sun and UV -light exposure

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62
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Xeropthalmia

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63
Q

Xeropthalmia target population:

Symptoms:

Increases risk of infections:

A

Infants, pregnant women , cystic fibrosis

Night blindness, inability to see in dim light or dark; bitot spots
Low iron status leading to anemia

Diarrhea and measles

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64
Q

Possible carotenoids functions

A

Prevention of CV disease
-antioxidant capabilities

Cancer prevention

  • Lung, oral and prostate cancers
  • vitamins A containing foods are more protective than supplements

Age-related macular degeneration

Cataracts

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65
Q

In general, foods rich in ____ and ___ are advised rather than supplements

A

Vitamin A

Phytochemicals

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66
Q

How much sun exposure should you have to get proper vitamin D?

A

Expose hands, feet, arms 2-3x/week for 5-10 min each time (more for darker skin)

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67
Q

Vitamin D is activated by ____ in the:

A

Enzymes

Liver and kidney

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68
Q

Vitamin D synthesis from sun exposure

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

To

25-hydroxyvitamin D

To

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (active hormone form)

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69
Q

Vitamin D regulates:

A

Blood calcium

Parathyroid hormone

Calcium and phosphorus absorption

Calcium deposition in bones

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70
Q

Vitamin D reduced:

A

Kidney excretion of calcium

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71
Q

Who is likely to get rickets

A

Breastfed infancy with little sun exposure

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72
Q

Vitamin D RDA:

Daily value:

A

15 micrograms

600 IU

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73
Q

Vitamin E protects _____ ___ in ___ ____.

A

Double bonds

Unsaturated fats

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74
Q

Function of vitamin E

A

Prevents free radical formation by acting as an electron donor

Removed peroxide’s during oxidation of PUFAs

Improves vitamin A absorption

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75
Q

Vitamin E deficiency causes:

A

Breakdown of cell membranes

Hemolysis

Nerve degeneration

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76
Q

Main dietary form and more biologically active vitamin K

A

Phylloquinones (K1) from plant sources

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77
Q

Vitamin K from fish oils, meats and intestinal bacteria

A

Menaquinones (K2)

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78
Q

Vitamin K functions

A

Blood coagulation

  • carboxylation of glutamate residues of proenzyme forms of clotting factors
  • Activation of (carboxylated) clotting factors by Ca+ ions

Bone matrix proteins as regulators of calcification and differentiation

  • Matrix-gla protein
  • osteocalcin
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79
Q

Deficiency of vitamin K

A

Bleeding disorders or hemorrhage’s

Calcification diseases (vascular calcification)

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80
Q

DRI (and upper limit):

Intake:

Density:

Of vitamin A

A

DRI & UL: 700-900 micrograms (3000 micrograms/10000 IU)

Intake: meets RDA

Density: HD: Veggie/fruit groups
MD: fat/meat/milk groups
LD: bread groups

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81
Q

DRI (and upper limit):

Intake:

Density:

Of vitamin D

A

DRI & UL: 15 micrograms
(100 micrograms/4000 IU)

Intake: ~50% of AI

Density: HD: Fatty fish (salmon, sardine), fortified milk and cereals
Some foods have MD, but most have LD

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82
Q

DRI (and upper limit):

Intake:

Density:

Of vitamin E

A

DRI & UL: 15 mg
(1000 mg/1500 IU)

Intake: ~70% of RDA

Density: HD: Fat group
MD: veggie/bread groups
LD: Milk/meat/fruits groups

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83
Q

DRI (and upper limit):

Intake:

Density:

Of vitamin K

A

DRI & UL: 90-120 micrograms

Intake: ~ AI

Density: Veggie group (dark-green veggies) / fat group and liver

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84
Q

Qualities of water-soluble vitamins

A

Dissolve in water

Generally readily excreted from the body

Subject to cooking losses

Function as coenzymes

Participate in energy metabolism

Enrichment act

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85
Q

___% of B vitamins are absorbed

A

50-90%

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86
Q

Review slide 3 in unit 9

A

Slide 3 unit 9

87
Q

Many nutrients are lost through ___ ____ of grains

A

milling process

88
Q

Grain/cereal products are enriched in what?

A

thiamin

riboflavin

niacin

folate

iron

89
Q

enriched grains are still deficient in:

A

B-6

Magnesium

Zinc

90
Q

study slides 7 and 8 on unit 9. That is wayyy to much to type

A

slides 7 and 8 unit 9

91
Q

Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..

Thiamin

A

Coenzyme: TPP

Reaction: Decarboxylation and 2C-transfer

Deficiency : Beri Beri and Wernick and Korsakoff syndrome

92
Q

Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..

Riboflavin

A

Coenzyme: FAD/FMN

Reaction: Redox

Deficiency: Ariboflavinosis

93
Q

Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..

Niacin

A

Coenzyme: NAD+/NAP+

Reaction: Redox

Deficiency: pellagra

94
Q

Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..

Pantothenate

A

Coenzyme: CoA & ACP

Reaction: Many

Deficiency: NONE

95
Q

Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..

Biotin

A

Coenzyme

Reaction: Carboxylation

Deficiency: Dermatitis, hair loss, conjunctivitis, CNS problems

96
Q

Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..

Vitamin B-6

A

Coenzyme: PLP

Reaction: Amino transfer and decarboxylation

Deficiency: Dermatitis, depression and confusion

97
Q

Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..

Folate:

A

Coenzyme: THFA

Reaction: One C transfer
AA and nucleotide metabolism

Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia
Spina bifida
Anencephaly

98
Q

Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..

Vitamin B-12

A

Coenzyme: Methyl and deoxyobalamin

Reaction: Oxid of odd-C FA, folate metab and functional RBC

Deficiency: Pernicious and megaloblastic anemia

99
Q

Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..

Ascorbate

A

Coenzyme: none

Reaction: antioxidant

Deficiency: scurvy

100
Q

Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..

Choline

A

Coenzyme: Cosubstrate

Reaction: Homocys metab and precursor of PL and acetylcholine

Deficiency: none

101
Q

Thiamin RDA and daily value

A

RDA adult women: 1.1 mg

RDA adult men: 1.2 mg

Daily value: 1.5 mg

102
Q

Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is mainly found in:

A

alcoholics

103
Q

Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is a deficiency in ____. It causes a mutation in _____ lowering the affinity for __.

A

thiamin

transketolase

TPP

104
Q

in Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome, the need for thiamin is increase to about ____. It is caused by:

A

10X

Poor qualify diet and alcohol (increases thiamin excretion)

105
Q

consequences of Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

A

Involuntary eye movement, double vision and mental confusion

Ataxia: Staggering and poor muscle coordination

106
Q

RDA and daily value for riboflavin

A

Women RDA: 1.1 mg

Men RDA: 1.3 mg

DV: 1.7 mg

107
Q

Riboflavin deficiencies

A

ariboflavonosis

cheliosis

108
Q

Rare riboflavin deficiency causing inflammation and poor wound healing

A

ariboflavinosis

109
Q

Riboflavin deficiency causing cracking of tissue around lips and mouth

A

cheliosis

110
Q

RDA and daily value for nicacin

A

Women RDA: 14 mg

Men RDA: 16 mg

DV: 20 mg

111
Q

Pellagra 4 Ds:

It is a deficiency in:

A

Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death

Niacin

112
Q

what is the only dietary deficiency to reach epidemic proportions in the US

A

pellagra

113
Q

People at risk for pellagra

A

alcoholics and people with poor diet (mostly corn protein)

114
Q

Adequare intake and daily value for patothenate

A

AI: 5mg

daily value: 10mg

115
Q

carboxylation reactions with biotin

A

gluconeogenesis

FA synthesis

oxidation of odd-C FA

FA elongation

Carboxylases have a mandatory requirement for biotin

116
Q

Adequate intake and DV for biotin

A

AI: 30 micrograms

DV: 300 micrograms

117
Q

functions of vitamin B6 (8)

A

in 100+ enzymatic reactions

decarboxylation of amino acids (decarboxylases)

Transamination reactions (transaminases)

heme synthesis

carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

neurotransmitter synthesis

Conversion of tryptophan to niacin

Immune function

118
Q

Homocysteine is an intermediate in the conversion of _____ to ____.

It is metabolized with:

A

methionine to cysteine

Vitamins B6, B12 and folate

119
Q

AI and DV for B6

A

AI :1.3 mg

DV: 2 mg

120
Q

RDA and DV for folate

A

RDA: 400 micrograms

DV: 400 micrograms

121
Q

Function of folate (4)

A

DNA synthesis

Homocysteine metabolism

Neurotransmitter formation

Amino acid metabolism

122
Q

Folate function in DNA synthesis

A

transfer of single carbon units

synthesis of adenine and guanine

anticancer drug methotrexate tx may induce deficiency

123
Q

folate deficiencies

A

Megaloblastic anemia

Neural tube defects (spina bifida and anencepahly)

124
Q

Suscepible populations of folate deficiency

A

Pregnant women (they need 600 microgram)

Alcoholics (interferes w the enterohepatic circulation of bile/folate)

125
Q

megaloblastic anemia occurs when:

A

blood cells are unable to divide, leaving large and immature RBC

Either folate or vitamin B12 deficiency may cause it

126
Q

Forms of vitamin B12

A

Cyanocobalamin (free B12)

Methylcobalamin (coenzyme)

5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (coenzyme)

127
Q

Vitamin B12 contains ____.

It is synthesized by:

A

Cobalt

bacteria, fungi and algae

128
Q

RDA and DV for vitamin B12

A

RDA: 2.5 micrgrams

DV: 6 micrograms

129
Q

Absorption of vitamin B12 in the stomach

A

HCl and pepsin release vitamin B12 bound to protein in food

Free vitamin B12 binds with R-Protein

Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor

130
Q

Absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine

A

trypsin from pancreas releases R-Protein from vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 links with intrinsic factor

131
Q

Absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum

A

Vitamin B12/inrinsic factor complex is absorbed into blood and binds to transport protein transcobalamin II

132
Q

Absorption of vitamin B12 in the liver

A

vitamin B12 stored here

133
Q

Function of vitamin B12 (4)

A

Oxidation of odd-carbon fatty acids

Folate metabolism

Homocysteine metabolism

Nervous system functions (maintenance of myelin sheath)

134
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency causes:

A

megaloblastic anemia

Pernicious anemia

135
Q

Treatment for vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Monthly injections

Nasal spray

Weekly ingestions of megadoses

136
Q

functions of vitamin C (6)

A

Antioxidant (not considered a coenzyme)

Collagen processing

Antioxidant activity

Iron absorption (keeps it reduced)

Biosynthesis of carnitine, hormones, neurotransmitters and bile acids

Immune functions

137
Q

RDA and DV for Ascorbate

A

Women RDA: 75 mg

Men RDA: 90 mg

DV: 60 mg

138
Q

Scurvy is a ____ deficiency when deficient for _____ days

A

vitamin C

20-40 days

139
Q

Symptoms of vitamin C deficiency

A

Fatigue and pinpoint hemorrhages, bleeding gums and joints

Impaired wound healing

Bone pain, fractures

Diarrhea

140
Q

Susceptible populations of vitamin C deficiency

A

impoverished individuals

Alcohol, drug abusers and heavy smokers

low intake of fruits and veggies

141
Q

Function of choline (4)

A

Cell membrane structure

Single carbon metabolism

neurotransmission and brain health

Lipid transport

142
Q

In cell membrane structre, choline is a precursor of ______ as ______.

This is also found in:

A

membrane phospholipids

Phosphatidylcholine

Lung surfactant

143
Q

In single carbon metabolism, choline is a precursor of ___.

This and folate are important in ______ ___.

A

betaine

homocysteine metabolism

144
Q

Choline and neurotransmission and brain health

A

Acetylcholine synthesis

Shingomyelin in myelin sheath
Brain development requires choline

145
Q

For lipid transport, choline is used in the formation of:

A

VLDL

146
Q

AI for choline

A

Women: 425 mg

Men: 550 mg

147
Q

sources of choline

A

eggs

soybeans

cauliflower, beans

almonds and peanuts

lecithin

148
Q

choline deficiency during pregnancy results in

A

poor brain development and cognition skills

149
Q

Minerals used for cell metabolism

A

calcium

Phosphorus

Magnesium

Zinc

Chromium

Iodide

Water

150
Q

Minerals used for bone health

A

Calcium

Phosphorus

Iron

Zinc

Copper

Flouride

manganese

151
Q

Minerals used for growth and development

A

calcium

phosphorus

zinc

152
Q

minerals used in blood formation and clotting

A

Iron

Copper

Calcium

153
Q

Minerals used for nerve impulses

A

sodium

potassium

chloride

calcium

154
Q

Minerals used for muscle contraction/relaxation

A

sodium

chloride

postassium

calcium

magnesium

155
Q

minerals used in antioxidant defenses

A

selenium

zinc

copper

manganese

156
Q

minerals used for water and ion balance in cells

A

sodium

potassium

chloride

phosphorus

water

157
Q

water comprises ____% of the body weight. It is highest in:

A

50-70%

infants and children

158
Q

lean muscle tissue contains ~__% water, while fat tissue contains ~__%.

A

73%

20%

159
Q

Major minerals require ____ mg/day

Examples:

A

> 100 mg /day

calcium, phosphorus

160
Q

Trace minerals/microminerals require ____ mg/day

Examples:

A

< 100 mg/day

iron, zinc

161
Q

major cations in ICF

A

Potassium

Magnesium

162
Q

Major anions in ICF

A

Phosphate

Sulfate

163
Q

Major cations in ECF

A

Sodium

Calcium

164
Q

Major anions in ECF

A

chloride

bicarbonate

165
Q

minerals are in competition with others of similar:

Examples:

A

Size and charge

Zinc and copper

166
Q

Vitamins used to improve mineral absorption

A

Vitamin C – Iron

Vitamin D– calcium, phosphorus and magnesium

167
Q

Fiber inhibits absorption of:

A

iron, zinc and others

168
Q

Phytic acid inhibits absorption of:

A

Zinc

169
Q

Oxalic acid inhibits absorption of:

A

calcium and other minerals

170
Q

Review slide 14 in unit 10.

A

Slide 14 Unit 10

171
Q

Upper limit of sodium

A

2300 mg/day

172
Q

___% of north americans exceed the UL of sodium

A

95%

173
Q

Consequences of sodium toxicity

A

Hypertension

increases calcium excretion

formation of kidney stones

174
Q

DASH diet, AKA

A

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

175
Q

DASH diet includes:

A

Low in fat and sodium

High in fruits and veggies and low fat dairy products

176
Q

Target nutrients of the DASH diet

A

Calcium

Potassium

Magnesium

Sodium

Fiber

Total Fat

Saturated fat

Cholesterol

177
Q

DASH diet lower ___ ___ as well as medication is is effective within:

A

BP

2 weeks

178
Q

the DASH diet is particularly effective for:

A

those w/ existing hypertension and african americans

179
Q

about ____% of Ca in dairy is absorbed

A

30%

180
Q

Calcium rich foods

A

spinach, rhubarb (5%)

Almonds, sesame seeds, beans, canned salmon (20-30%)

Diary products, tofu (30-32%)

Chinese cabbage, mustard green, turnips (40-55%)

Brussel sprouts, broccoli, kale, cabbage, cauliflower (60-70%)

181
Q

Calcium makes up __% of all the minerals present in the body

A

~40%

182
Q

Functions of magnesium (7)

A

Stabilized ATP and ADP and other nucleotides

Contributes to DNA and RNA synthesis

Postassium and calcium metabolism

Proper nerve and cardiac functions

insulin release from the pancrease

May dilate arteries

may prevent heart rhythm abnormalities

183
Q

RDA and DV for magnesium

A

Women RDA: 310 mg

Men RDA: 400

DV: 400 mg

184
Q

Causes of magnesium deficiency

A

Reduced intake of processed foods and demineralized water

GI loss (laxatives and diuretics)

Heavy perspiration

Long-standing diarrhea/vomiting

Alcoholism

Diets low in magnesium

Diabetes, bowel dz, vitamin D deficiency

Medications: Proton pump inhibitors, antacids, antivirals, antihypertensive agents

185
Q

Consequences of magnesium deficiency

A

rapid heart rate

muscle weakness and spasms

disorentation

seizures

186
Q

Trace minerals daily nutritional need

A

<100 mg/day

-less than 5g total in the body

less than 1% of body total minerals

187
Q

Review slide 3 in unit 11

A

slide 3 unit 11

188
Q

Ultratrace minerals in the body

A

boron

Nickel

Vanadium

Asenic

Silicon

–These are found in humans, but many have not shown to be required

189
Q

forms of iron found in foods

A

animal flesh- hemoglobin and myoglobin (collectively called heme-iron)

veggies, grains and supplements- non-heme iron

190
Q

Which type of iron is absorbed more readily?

A

heme-iron

191
Q

Major source of heme iron

A

red meat

192
Q

the typical North American diet contains about ____ mg of iron per every 1000 cal

A

6 mg

193
Q

Average daily iron intake in north america

A

Men: 18 mg

Women: 13 mg

194
Q

Is milk a good source of iron?

A

no

195
Q

Factors that increase iron absorption

A

high body demand for RBC (blood loss, high altitude, physical training, pregnancy)

Low body stores of iron

Heme iron in food

Meat protein factor (MPF)

Vitamin C intake

Gastric acidity

196
Q

Factors that decrease iron absorption

A

Low need for iron (high level of iron storage)

Phytic acid in whole grains and legumes

Oxalic acid in leafy veggies

polyphenols in tea, cofee, red wine and oregano

reduced gastric acidity

excessive intake of other minerals (zinc, manganese, calcium)

197
Q

Iron in functional proteins

A

Hemoglobin

Myoglobin

Iron-containing enzymes

198
Q

Iron in transport proteins

A

Transferrin

Ferroportin

199
Q

Iron in storage proteins

A

Ferritin

hemosiderin

200
Q

most common trace mineral deficiency in the world?

A

iron deficiency

201
Q

RBC in anemia are ___ and ___ than normal

A

smaller

paler

202
Q

what is used to diagnose iron anemia

A

Blood hematocrit

- % of RBC volume in totaly blood volume- 40-55% M and 37-47 F

203
Q

Vitamin E deficiency can lead to ____ anemia

A

hemolytic

204
Q

Vitamin K deficiency can lead to ____ anemia

A

Hemorrhagic

205
Q

Vitamin B6 deficiency can lead to ____ anemia

A

microcytic and sideroblastic anemia

206
Q

Folate deficiency can lead to ____ anemia

A

megaloblastic

207
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to ____ anemia

A

Megaloblastic and pernicious

208
Q

Iron deficiency can lead to ____ anemia

A

microcytic hypochromic

209
Q

Copper deficiency can lead to ____ anemia

A

2ndary iron

210
Q

RDA and DV for Zinc

A

Women RDA: 8mg

Men RDA: 11 mg

DV: 15 mg

211
Q

Food rich in zinc

A

Oysters

212
Q

factors that increase zinc absorption

A

Low to moderate zinc intake

Zinc deficiency

Animal protein intake

Increased need for zinc

213
Q

Factors that decrease zinc absorption

A

Phytic acid and fiber in whole grains

Excessive zinc intake

High non-heme iron intake

good zinc status

214
Q

Functions of zinc

A

Cofactor to many enzymes

Synthesis of nucleic acid

Protein and alcohol metabolism

Cell membrane maintenance

Wound healing

Immune function

Growth

Development of sexual organs and bones

Nutrition (10 decks)

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