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Biology 3 > Unit 20: Chromosomes, Genes and DNA > Flashcards

Unit 20: Chromosomes, Genes and DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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2
Q

How is DNA organised?

A

DNA is organised into genes

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3
Q

What do genes do?

A

They determine the characteristics of organisms

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4
Q

What is a genome?

A

It is the total genetic information in the cells of a given species

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5
Q

Where is DNA found in prokaryotes?

A

It is found in the cytoplasm

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6
Q

Where is DNA found in eukaryotes?

A

It is found in the nucleus

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7
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Phosphorus
Deoxyribose (sugar)
One of 4 nitrogen bases

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8
Q

How many types of nitrogen bases are there?

A

There are 4 types

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of nitrogen bases?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

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10
Q

What is the base pairing rule?

A

Adenine will always pair with Thymine
Cytosine will always pair with Guanine

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11
Q

What are the two types of nitrogen bases?

A

Purines
Pyrimindines

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12
Q

What are purines?

A

They have a double ring and contain adenine and guanine

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13
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

They have a single ring and contain thymine and cytosine

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14
Q

What is a polynucleotide chain?

A

It is multiple nucleotides joined together

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15
Q

What is each gene made up of?

A

It is made up of a unique section of DNA

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16
Q

How are genes organised in eukaryotic cells?

A

They are organised into chromosomes

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17
Q

How are different genes separated?

A

They are separated by spacer DNA

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18
Q

What 2 processes does DNA play a role in?

A

DNA replication
Protein synthesis

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19
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division for growth and repair

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20
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division for the production of sex cells

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21
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 individual chromosomes or 23 pairs

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22
Q

How are chromosomes ordered?

A

They are ordered from tallest to smallest

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23
Q

What are chromosome pairs 1-22 called?

A

They are called autosomes

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24
Q

What is chromosome pair 23 called?

A

They are called sex chromosomes

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25
Q

What part connects the two forming chromosomes during chromosome replication before they entirely separate?

A

Centromere

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26
Q

What is the process during DNA replication?

A

An enzyme unzips the original strand of DNA so that they are two separate strands
Another enzyme collects free nucleotides and attaches it to the correct nitrogen base

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27
Q

How do mutations occur?

A

Mutations occur when the wrong nucleotide is attached to the DNA strand

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28
Q

What is a semi-conservative process?

A

This is where the new strands contain half of the old strands

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29
Q

What is genetics?

A

The study of heredity

30
Q

What is heredity?

A

The transfer of characteristics from parent to child

31
Q

What are homologous pairs?

A

The chromosomes are the same size

32
Q

What is an allele?

A

It is a gene that occupies a specific position on a specific chromosome

33
Q

What is an example of an allele?

A

Brown eyes

34
Q

What is a recessive gene?

A

These require 2 genes for the trait to be visible

35
Q

What is a dominant gene?

A

These require 1 gene for the trait to be visible

36
Q

What is locus?

A

This is the position of a gene on a chromosome

37
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The replication of cells for growth, replacement or reapirs

38
Q

What are cells that undergo mitosis called?

A

These are known as stomatic cells

39
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

It produced two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the parent

40
Q

Are somatic cells diploid or haploid?

A

They are diploid

41
Q

What are diploid cells?

A

These cells have chromosomes from both parents

42
Q

Can somatic cells mutate?

A

Yes

43
Q

If somatic cells mutate, are the effects passed on to children?

A

No

44
Q

What is the first phase of mitosis called?

A

It is called prophase

45
Q

What occurs during prophase for somatic cells?

A

The chromosomes become visible
The chromosomes will then become X shaped

46
Q

What are chromatids?

A

These are the strands of the chromosomes that are connected using the centromere

47
Q

What is the centromere?

A

This joins the two different chromosomes together during mitosis and meiosis

48
Q

What is the second phase of mitosis called?

A

It is called metaphase

49
Q

What occurs during metaphase for somatic cells?

A

The centriole forms the spindle
The spindle fibres attach to the chromatids as the chromosomes align along the metaphase plate

50
Q

What is the third phase of mitosis called?

A

Anaphase

51
Q

What occurs during anaphase for somatic cells?

A

The spindle separates the chromatids
The separated chromosomes are placed into new nuclei

52
Q

What is meiosis?

A

This occurs exclusively for the production of sex cells

53
Q

What is a reproductive mother cell?

A

This is a somatic cell that creates a sex cell

54
Q

What are sex cells also known as?

A

Germ cells or gametes

55
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

Cells with only one type of chromosome

56
Q

What are gonads?

A

These are the female ovaries and male testes where gametes are produced

57
Q

Can gametes mutate?

A

Yes

58
Q

If a gamete mutates, will the mutation be passed on to children?

A

Yes

59
Q

What is gamete mutation also known as?

A

Germ-line mutation

60
Q

What are the two types of reproduction?

A

Sexual and asexual

61
Q

What does asexual reproduction produce?

A

Offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

62
Q

What does sexual reproduction produce?

A

An offspring that is genetically varied

63
Q

What is the first stage of meiosis called?

A

Prophase

64
Q

What occurs during the first stage of meiosis?

A

The chromosomes pair up with their matching chromosome
The crossing over of DNA that results in genetic variation occurs

65
Q

What is the second stage of meiosis called?

A

Metaphase

66
Q

What occurs during the second stage of meiosis?

A

Tetrads line up at the metaphase plate
A spindle is formed
The chromosomes are seperated

67
Q

What is the third stage of meiosis called?

A

Anaphase or Telophase

68
Q

What occurs during the third stage of meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes separate
The sister chromosomes separate and are split into 4 different nuclei

69
Q

What are the types of asexual reproduction?

A

Fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Sporulation
Vegetation Propagation

70
Q

What occurs during fission?

A

The entire organism splits in two

71
Q

What occurs during budding?

A

New organisms are produced as an outgrowth of the parent

72
Q

What occurs during fragmentation?

A

The organism separates into segments

Biology 3 (6 decks)

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