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Biology 3 > Chapter 7: Units of life > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Units of life Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic units for all living organisms

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2
Q

What is cell theory?

A

It states that:
- Cells are the smallest, living organisational unit
- All organisms are formed by cells
- All cells come from pre-existing cells

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3
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

It is a layer of phospholipid that encloses the cytoplasm. It allows things to the transported in and out of a cell while keeping it separate from other cells.

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4
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

A jelly-like substance that fills the space between organelles.

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5
Q

What is cytosol?

A

It is the fluid component to cytoplasm.

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6
Q

What is DNA?

A

It contains genetic and hereditary information. It also directs activities.

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7
Q

What are flagella?

A

It is whip-like and can act as a propeller to move the cell.

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8
Q

What are cilia?

A

These are small and hair-like and act like oars to move the cell.

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9
Q

What are the two main types of cells?

A

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

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10
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

These are small and have one cell
Scattered ribosomes
Not bound to membrane wall
Have a cell wall made of protein
The cell performs all functions itself without specialisations.

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11
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

These have DNA in the nucleus in the form of chromosomes
They have organelles

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12
Q

What are the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes are single-celled
Prokaryotes are not bound to a membrane wall
Eukaryotes have organelles

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13
Q

What is solely inside a plant cell?

A

Cell wall made of cellulose
Large vacuole
Plastids

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14
Q

What is solely inside an animal cell?

A

Centriole

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15
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

These are only found in plant cells and are non-living cellulose structures outside the cell membrane. It provides support.

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16
Q

What is lignin?

A

Provides support for woody plants

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17
Q

What is a centriole?

A

Small, cylinder structures that are composed of microtubules and separate chromosomes during cell division.

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18
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It is a network of membranes that link the organelles in a cell. It does not have ribosomes.

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19
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It is a network of membranes that link the organelles in a cell. It has ribosomes.

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20
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

It is responsible for the packaging, distribution and transport of proteins.

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21
Q

What are the lysosomes?

A

They are found in animal cells and have enzymes that break down foreign material and debris. It can also break down its own cell.

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22
Q

What are the mitochondria?

A

They are the powerhouse of the cell. They transform energy to be used by the cell.

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23
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

A large organelle that has the DNA for the cell.

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24
Q

What is the nuclear membrane?

A

It surrounds the nucleus and has pores to allow the nucleus to communicate with other organelles.

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25
What are ribosomes?
Sites where proteins are packaged.
26
What are vacuoles?
These are membrane-bound and contain food, enzymes and fluid.
27
What are vesicles?
These transport substances within the cell.
28
What is a contractile vacuole?
These are found in protists and pump out excess water.
29
What is a food vacuole?
These are formed by cellular eating and are a part of amoebas.
30
What is phagocytosis?
Cellular eating
31
What is pinocytosis?
Cellular drinking
32
What is endocytosis?
Brining in
33
What is exocytosis?
Expelling out
34
What does the development of the cell include?
Cell division Cell growth Cell differentiation
35
What is cell differentiation?
This is where cells take on specialised functions to perform different roles within an organism.
36
What happens to the DNA not used during cell differentiation?
It is simply "switched off" and not used. The cell still retains the genetic code for all types of cells.
37
What do all cells begin as?
Stem cells
38
What is the cellular environment?
This is where unicellular organisms live
39
What is a protist's cellular environment?
Protist's can only move from one environment to the next They either tolerate the conditions for die
40
What is the extracellular environment?
This is the area outside an individual cell in a complex organism
41
What must a cell in a complex organism do to survive?
They must exchange carbon dioxide, oxygen, nutrients from food and waste removal.
42
What must a cell do to function efficiently?
They must control salt, temperature, waste and pH.
43
What are phagocytic cells?
These remove dead cells
44
How can cells die
Conditions become unbearable Commit suicide
45
What is cell suicide also known as?
This is known as physiological or programmed cell death.
46
What are all things made up of?
Hydrogen, carbon, calcium and nitrogen
47
What are the 2 types of compounds?
Inorganic and organic
48
What are the 4 types of INORGANIC compounds?
Water Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Minerals
49
What properties make water useful in chemical reactions?
Cohesion Adhesion High Heat Capacity
50
What is adhesion?
The water molecule can stick to other molecules.
51
What is cohesion?
The water molecule can stick to itself.
52
What is High Heat Capacity in regard to water?
It is the ability for a water molecule to absorb a lot of heat without an increase in temperature.
53
Why is oxygen important to cells?
This is needed to release energy from food.
54
What are minerals?
These are dissolved within the cytosol of the cell. They are included in the structure of cells, enzymes and vitamins.
55
What are the 4 main types of ORGANIC compounds?
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
56
What are the main components of carbohydrates?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
57
What are carbohydrates?
These are the main source of chemical energy for organisms.
58
What is the basic sub-unit of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides e.g Glucose
59
What is a disaccharide?
Two simple sugars joined together. e.g Sucrose
60
What are polysaccharides?
Multiple simple sugars bound together into longer chains
61
What are lipids?
These are: Fats Oils Phospholipids Steriods
62
What are proteins?
These are used for structural support, storage, transport, signalling, movement and defence.
63
What do proteins do as enzymes?
They regulate metabolism
64
How does a protein's specific shape help it to do its job?
It relies on its ability to recognise and bind to other molecules
65
When is a protein denatured?
If the pH, salt, temperature, etc. are altered
66
What happens when a protein becomes denatured?
It unravels and loses its abilityy to perform its job
67
What is cellular respiration?
The process of extracting energy from glucose molecules
68
What is starch?
It is a storage polysaccharide in plants
69
Where is starch stored?
It is in plastids including chloroplasts
70
What is glycogen?
It is a storage polysaccharide in animals
71
Where is glycogen stored?
In the liver and muscle cells
72
What is chitin?
Used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons Used by fungi to build their cell walls
73
What organic compound is hydrophobic?
Lipids
74
What is fat constructed of?
Glycerol Fatty Acid
75
What is triglyceride?
Three fatty acids are joined to glycerol
76
What is unsaturated fat?
It has one or more double bonds
77
What is saturated fat?
There is no double bonds whatsoever
78
What fats solidify at room temperature?
Most animal fats that are saturated
79
What fats liquefy at room temperature?
Most fats that are fish or plant-based are unsaturated
80
What are oils?
Plant and fish fats
81
What is the major function of fats?
Energy storage
82
What are adipose cells?
These shrink and expand as fat is deposited and withdrawn
83
What are amino acids?
These are the building blocks of protein
84
What are amino acids linked by?
Peptide bond
85
What are nucleic acids?
These are the genetic material for all organisms
86
What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
87
What are nucleotides?
These are what make up nucleic acids
88
What happens to cells as they get larger but stay the same shape?
They have a smaller surface area in which they can exchange materials
89
Why do cells and organisms change shape when they get bigger?
So they have increased surface area
90
What particles does a cell membrane allow through?
Solutions and some solid food particles
91
What does partially permeable mean?
Only some substances will be able to pass through it
92
How can a cell take in and expel substances?
Diffusion and active transport
93
What are cell membranes composed of?
A phospholipid bilayer Glycolipids Glycoproteins Cholesterol
94
What are the two molecules in the phospholipid bilayer?
A hydrophobic tail A hydrophilic head
95
What happens when the phospholipid bilayer comes into contact with an aqueous solution?
The hydrophilic heads point toward the solution It also makes the membrane impermeable
96
What are the other 3 parts of the cell membrane?
Glycolipids Glycoproteins Cholesterol
97
What do glycolipids do in the cell membrane?
Stabilise the cell membrane
98
What do glycoproteins do in the cell membrane?
Cellular recognition and immune response
99
What does cholesterol do in the cell membrane?
Regulates fluidity in the cell membrane
100
What is diffusion?
The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration
101
Does diffusion require energy?
No, it is a passive process
102
What is the concentration gradient?
It is the difference between the exterior and interior of the cell
103
What is osmosis?
It is diffusion that exclusively applies to water molecules
104
What happens when the cell membrane separates dilute solutions from concentrated solutions?
There is a net movement from dilute to concentrated
105
Does osmosis require energy?
No, it is a passive process
106
What is equilibrium?
Where molecules moves in and out of a cell at a constant rate
107
What is facilitated diffusion?
The use of proteins to carry ions across a cell membrane
108
Does facilitated diffusion require energy?
No, it is a passive process
109
What is active transport?
This transports molecules against the concentration gradient
110
Does active transport require energy?
Yes, it requires energy in the form of ATP
111
What is a hypotonic solution?
This is a lower concentration of solutes
112
What is an isotonic solution?
Same concentration of solutes
113
What is a hypertonic solution?
This is a higher concentration of solutes
114
What effect does a hypertonic solution have on animal cells?
Shrivels as water leaves the cell
115
What effect does a hypertonic solution have on plant cells?
Cell becomes plasmolyzed Cell wall and cell membrane detach and deform the cell
116
What effect does an isotonic solution have on animal cells?
Normal cell
117
What effect does an isotonic solution have on a plant cell?
Cell is flaccid Not enough water to keep the vacuole full
118
What effect does a hypotonic solution have on an animal cell?
Cell becomes lysed Cell bursts as it cannot remove water fast enough
119
What effect does a hypotonic solution have on a plant cell?
Cell becomes turgid Normal state
120
What is homeostasis?
The conditions of a stable internal environment for the cells to live in
121
What happens when the internal environment is not meeting homeostasis?
Cells act to correct the change
122
What factors affect homeostasis?
Infection Trauma Toxic substances Auto-immune diseases Inherited disorders
123
What is the receptor?
It detects change in the cellular environment
124
What is the control centre?
This processes the information given by the receptor
125
What is the effector?
Directs the appropriate response
126
What are feedback loops?
This is what happens when a stressor is introduced into the environment, and the body takes steps to maintain homeostasis.

Biology 3 (6 decks)

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