Unit 2 WWI

Question 1

War of attrition

Answer 1

• Enemies try to wear down the other side

- Outlast/Out-suffer enemy

Question 2

Total war

Answer 2

-All resources of nation organized to win war

Question 3

Ways of paying for war

Answer 3

• Taxation
• F+ R introduced income tax
• war loans (repaid with interest after war)
• Borrow from other countries (USA)

Question 4

Battle of Marne

Answer 4

• G threw all forces at French east of Paris (stopped at battle of M)
• denied Germany quick victory in West
• two-front war a reality
• dug in : trench warfare

Question 5

Battle of Verdun

Answer 5

-G attacked F at Verdun

Question 6

Battle of Somme

Answer 6

• B attacked Somme but never broke through

- meant to relieve pressure at Verdun

Question 7

Eastern Front

Answer 7

-G+R
-G ended early Russian success at Tannenburg and Masurian lakes
-G heros in east:
Hindenburg
Ludendorff
-E front =longer, more vague than western

Question 8

Gallipoli Campaign

Answer 8

-intended to force way through straits of Dardenelles into Black sea
-enable B to attack G+allies from east and open a supply line to Russia
outcome:
-not enough troops sent

Question 9

Anzacs

Answer 9

• troops from Australian +New Zealand army corps

- suffered great losses in Gallipoli campaign

Question 10

Battle of Jutland (war at sea)

Answer 10

• defeat on one side meant the other side would have complete control of trade routes to and from Europe
• inconclusive
• instead on naval war developed war of blockade

Question 11

Convoy System

Answer 11

-merchant ships bringing supplies gathered and went out in fleets surrounded by battleships for protection against G u-boats.

Question 12

Lusitania 1915

Answer 12

• G sank a British passenger ship
• some American lives lost
• beginning of shift from isolationism in America

Question 13

Zimmerman Telegram 1917

Answer 13

• telegram intercepted from Germany-Mexico
• proposed alliance with mexico if USA didn’t remain neutral
• G promised Mexico lost states (Texas, new mexico,Arizona)
• changed American public opinion

Question 14

Russian Revolution

Answer 14

-Riots, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated
-Provisional gov formed,led by democrat Alexander Kerensky
-His gov thought that Russian people wanted to continue war
3 groups wanting control:
1.army under Kornilov
2. Kerensky
3. Blosheviks and soviets
soviets=organization of revolutionary workers
and soldiers (communists)
Blosheviks=led by V.Lenin, took power Nov
1917 , opened peace negotiations with
Germany

Question 15

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918

Answer 15

• Russia and Germany
• G got Poland,Lithuania, Ukraine
• Russia out of war

Question 16

Unified command

Answer 16

• British + French forces placed under one command

- General Foch

Question 17

Armistice, Nov 11 ,1918

Answer 17

• Germans signed armistice
• Ludendorff commander of German forces refused to sign armistice , civilians went instead
• German anti-war movement brought on bloodless revolution ,where Kaiser fled to Holland and democracy established in Germany

Question 18

Effects of war

Answer 18

• 9 million killed
• $200 billion cost,most of Europe bankrupt\
• Austria-Hungary disintegrated into Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
• Poland independent
• First Russian communist gov

Question 19

The Fourteen Points 1918

Answer 19

-President Wilson announced rationale behind American involvement in Europe
-justify american sacrifice
What should happen now!
Deal with conquered German lands
Deal with new order in international affairs
Self-determination
Frontiers
International organization set up

Question 20

Paris Peace Conference

Answer 20

• wide difference of opinion
• Realist vs Idealist

Realist=tough measures , led by Clemenceau (France)

Idealist=harsh terms means bitterness, led by Wilson of USA

Britain =in between, wanted revenge and reparations but still wanted G as a strong trading partner

Question 21

Self- determination

Answer 21

• principle most accepted

- some exceptions

Question 22

War guilt Clause (Article 231)

Answer 22

• Stated that Germany alone must accept responsibility for start of war.
• Germans angered but threatened to sign treaty of face resumption of hostiities

Question 23

Treaty of Versailles

Answer 23

• Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
• restored Polish territory
• Mandates: G colonies surrendered , distributed among allies
• Military restrictions:conscription forbidden in G, army limited to 100,000 men
• German fleet surrendered to B
• Rhine Valley demilitarized
• League of Nations
• Anschuluss (union) forbidden between Austria and Germany

Question 24

Winston Churchill

Answer 24

-Britian’s prime minister

Question 25

Paul Von Hindenburg

Answer 25

• German general credited with major vicotry over Russia at Battle of Tannenburg
• promoted to commander in chief of German land armies

Question 26

Vittorio Orlando

Answer 26

-Prime minister of Italy

Question 27

Douglas Haig

Answer 27

-commanded British expeditionary force (BEF)

Question 28

Kitchener

Answer 28

• British secretary of state for war (cabinet minister)

Question 29

lloyd George

Answer 29

-PM of United Kingdom

Question 30

Ebert

Answer 30

-President of Germany

Question 31

Diktat

Answer 31

-statute, harsh penalty or settlement imposed upon defeated party by victor

Question 32

Internationalism

Answer 32

-greater economic and political cooperation among nations for benefit of all