Hitler and Mussolini Flashcards
Fasci di combattimento (Combat Groups)
-Anti-socialists
Black shirts
- Ex-servicemen,middle class youths, anti-communists
- wealthier
- used for intimidation to gain support
First past the post
-Each electoral district has ridings, party with most won ridings becomes gov
majority-50% or over
minority-less than 50%
Proportional Representation
- All political groups represented in proportion to their strength in electorate
- results in many minority governments that cant get laws to be passed (unstable)
Mare Nostrum (Our Sea)
- Mediterranean
- Wanted “glories that once were Rome”
- Led to invasion of Ethiopia
Fascism
- Against socialism,liberalism,democracy
- against people thinking for themselves
- aggressive nationalism,
- action over thought
March on Rome
- Mussolini threatened to march on Rome
- Parliament asked King to sign emergency legislation to deal with crisis
- King feared civil war , asked Mussolini to form gov
II Duce
- Leader (Mussolini)
- Title, feeds his ego
The Acerbo Law
- Assure 2/3 majority in chamber of deputies for party got most votes in election
- ended proportional representation
- allowed Mussolini a huge majority
OVRA
-Mussolini’s secret police
Fascist Grand council
- Trade unions abolished
- Elections cancelled, chamber of deputies chosen by fascist Grand council
Lateran Accords
- Church-Mussolini
- Church got control over religious education in schools
- Official state religion =catholic
- Pope rule own state-The Vatican
- Mussolini got sanction by church
- Last possible opposition dealt with
Corporate State
- Management + workers ran everything together
- Aimed at taking away rights of workers to join trade unions
- Economic planning centralized
Bloodless Revoltion
- Kaiser fled to Holland
- Republic proclaimed
Weimar Constitution
-Federal republic with national +state gov established at Wiemar
Reichstag
- Legislative body
- Practiced proportional representation
- Universal vote
Reichtrat
- Represented states
- not much power
Executive
- President elected independently
- not much power, some control over chancellor
- real power in cabinet , headed by chancellor
- Chancellor: leader of largest party in Reichstag
Beer hall Putsch
- Hitler,Ludendorff
- March on Berlin
- Poorly planned, leaders arrested sent to jail
Mein Kampft (My struggle)
-Book Hitler wrote in jail
-5 main ideas
Lebenstraum: living space
Denounced treaty of Versailles (reparations)
Aryan myth: German superior (Nationalism)
Anti-communists:Stalin worried
Anti-Semitism:Jewish
Weaknesses of Weimar Republic
- Associated with treaty of Versailles (this gov had signed it)
- associated with inflation +collapse of mark
- proportional representation means no clear majority
National Socialist German Workers Party
- Leader Hitler
- Nazi
- Created S.A or Brown Shirts ( political storm trooper)
Lebenstraum
-Inferior races east of Germany make room for superior Germans
President Hindenburg
-Refused to give Hitler (leader or largest single party) chancellorship, instead coalition formed
Von Papen
- Former chancellor
- Hitler’s strength fading
- Papen + Hindenburg thought could appoint Hitler as chancellor and use him as tool against communism
Enabling Act
- H frustrated with lack of majority, called another election
- Used brown shirts to harass opposition
- Reichstag burnt, blamed on communism
- Hitler used this as evidence of impeding communist revolution
- gave him emergency powers
Night of the long Knives
- Hitler murdered some internal challengers
- Rohm, leader of Brown shirts
- Gained support of army who worried that Rohm and S.A would take over army
Shutzstaffel (S.S)
-Hitler’s police
Waffen- Military,special opps
Einzeingruppen- Holocaust, round up Jews
Why Jews?
-Previously not allowed land or guilds (trades)
-Became merchant traders
trading becomes vital
Rich
-Controlled money, Hitler blamed problems on them
-Some Jews part of creation of Weimar republic that signed treaty
Nuremburg Laws
- Anti-Jewish laws
- All Jews had to wear star of David
- Forced Jews to forfeit careers and property
- restrictions on marriage
- Loss of citizenship
Volk
-Racially pure people
Fuhrer
-Hitler’s title
Nazi Germany
-Only party allowed
-Freedoms abolished
-Education changed to serve interests of Nazi’s
-Hitler youth
Gestapo:
-secret police force
-enforce obedience to dictators commands
-cruel,feared
-concentration camps established and political opponents imprisoned
Goering
- Minister of air
- Organizer of Luftwaffe (German air force)
Goebbels
-Minister of propaganda
Himmler
-Chief of SS, later head of Gestapo
Heydrich
-Controlled Gestapo
Autarky
-Reduce German dependence of world market for essential raw materials
National Labor service
-Set up to employ people on wide range of public works - in agriculture, land reclamation,building schools,hospitals,construction or autobahn (German highways)
Other Work opportunites
- Conscription of men into armed forces
- expansion of armaments industry
- creation of air force
- promoted hard work, got special rewards-incentive
- compulsory civic services
Kristallnacht (Crystal night)
-Jewish shops,synagogues,homes ransacked, many Jews imprisoned
Wannsea Conference
- How to kill more people faster
- came up with death camps
Glieshaltung
- Nazification of everything
- control every aspect
