Unit 2 - Week 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Genetic material surrounded by a protein coat are called
A
Viruses
2
Q
Examples of viruses
A
fan-leaf virus, leafroll, corky bark, stem pitting
3
Q
Small bacteria without cell walls is called
A
photoplasma
4
Q
Some examples of photoplasmas
A
falescence doree, grapevine yellows
5
Q
Small single cell, have cell wall but no chlorophyll is called
A
bacteria
6
Q
Some examples of bacteria
A
crown-gall, bacterial vine necrosis, pierces disease
7
Q
Similar to plants, but no carbohydrate cell wall or chlorophyll is called
A
fungi
8
Q
Single round or ovall cells fungi
A
yeasts. long thin filaments (hyphae) - in group mycelium
9
Q
Some examples of fungi
A
powdery mildew, downy mildew, botrytis, phomopsis, black-rot, eutypa
10
Q
Un-segmented parasitic or freeliving roundworms are called
A
nematodes
11
Q
Some examples of nematodes
A
dagger nematode, root-knot nematode
12
Q
Segmented invertebrates with heads, jointed appendages and exoskeleton are called
A
arthropods
13
Q
Some examples of arthropods
A
spider mites, grapevine moths, phylloxera, leafhoppers, cicadelles
14
Q
Animals with backbone are called
A
vertebrates
15
Q
Some examples of vertebrates
A
birds, rabbits, deer, foxes
16
Q
Any plant that should not be in vineyard is called
A
weed
17
Q
This fungus has latin name Oidium tuckeril or unicula necator
A
Powdery mildew/Oidium
18
Q
This fungus has latin name Plasmopora viticola
A
Downy mildew/peronospera
19
Q
This fungus has latin name Botrytis cinerea
A
Grey rot
20
Q
This fungus has latin name Eutypa lata and is resposible for
A
dead arm or eutypa dieback
21
Q
Most damage on young green parts of vine, musty smelling canopies, green shoots grow curved fashion, as they ripen black patches appear are symptoms of
A
Powdery mildew/Oidium
22
Q
Weather requirements for Powdery mildew/Oidium
A
unlike other fungus dont need rain, only humidity and shade to germinate. Prominent in warm, cloudy but no rain weather. Preffered range for fungus growth is 21 to 25 C.
23
Q
Prevent and cure for Powdery mildew/Oidium
A
Sulfur spray prevent, cure and stop disease (18-35 C). Preventive sprays at bud burst are beneficial. Also DMIs (DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors).
24
Q
Advantage of using DMIs (DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors) for cure of Powdery mildew/Oidium
A
Advantage that they penetrate into the green tissue, are not washed off by rain and do not require right temperature conditions to work.
25
Disdvantage of using DMIs (DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors) for cure of Powdery mildew/Oidium
fungus can become resistant, not recommended to have more than 3 applications in one season
26
This fungus lives within vine tissue not on surface like Powdery mildew
Downy mildew/peronospera
27
Damage to green parts, yellow oil spots on surface of the leaf with white downy patches on underside. Yellow spots spread, go brown, leaves fall off in infection before veraison are the symptoms of
Downy mildew/peronospera
28
Flower infections cause the flowers to dry up and drop off. Berry infection cause berry to go grey when young then brown and dried up when older.
Downy mildew/peronospera
29
Weather requirements for Downy mildew/peronospera
needs rainfall and warm temperatures (18 C) for at least one hour for germination. High risk years are rainy winters, springs and stormy but warm summers.
30
How is Downy mildew/peronospera controlled
by canopy management to reduce leaf bunching
31
Main pesticides for Downy mildew/peronospera are
based on copper salts (Bordeaux mixture), only preventive, must be sprayed before rain starts,
32
Reccomended spraying for Downy mildew/peronospera
start spraying as soon as flower bunches appear on new shoots. Every 20 mm rainfall, 15-20 cm plant growth or every 10-14 days, which ever is shorter.
33
Where is Botrytis found
found in plant debris, can be parasitic under certain conditions.
34
Weather requirements for Botrytis to occur
needs high humidity and warm temperatures to germinate
35
Where Botrytis enters the vine
through a wound or a weak point in epidermis
36
How is Botrytis spread through vine
by producing enzymes that breakdown plant tissue and cause it to brown.
37
Peduncular sympotms common in cool climate with vigorous vines. Brown then black patches appear that dry the stems. Stops berry ripening, these shrivel then fall of. This is symptoms of
Grey rot (Botrytis)
38
Berries go brown and skin becomes very sensitive to touch. if rainy, dense tufts of conidia (spores) appear, if dry infected berries shrivel up. This is symptoms of
Grey rot (Botrytis)
39
With this infection shoot damage and attacks on flower clusters are rare. Berry infection is the most serious
Grey rot (Botrytis)
40
In grape varietis with tight bunches infection will often start in the middle of the bunch and spread outwards
Grey rot (Botrytis)
41
What is the best solution for Grey rot (Botrytis)
Preventative treatment as the disease is hard to control once present
42
What fungicides are used to cure Grey rot (Botrytis)
broad spectrum fungicides also used for powdery mildew, also specific botrytis fungicides (used sparingly due to resistance problems)
43
Critical spray times for Grey rot (Botrytis)
beginning of flowering, start of berry set, bunch closure, start of veraison, three weeks before harvest
44
What are weather requirements for Noble Rot to occur
humid, damp mornings with mists followed by warm, dry afternoons are the perfect conditions (facilitated by proximity to a body of water)
45
Disease starts it spread in the morning, starts feedin on water and other nutrients in the berry, inhibited by afternoon dry heat. This is symptoms of
Noble Rot
46
Berry skin goes lilac instead of brown/grey and is not as sensitive to touch. Berry shrivels as the fungus removes water, thus concentrating the sugars. This is symptoms of
Noble Rot
47
What weather condition can influence Noble rot to develop to grey rot
if significant rainfall occurs before harvest
48
What varieties are prone to botrytis
thin skinned varieties such as Semillon, Chenin Blanc, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Furmint
49
Minute arachinds 0.2-0.5 mm long, color from white to dark red are called
mites
50
They feed on green part of plant affecting photosynthesis, fruit set, cane ripening and grape ripening
mites. most damage red spider mite, yellow spider mite.
51
What is a solution for mites
sulfur sprays used for fungal infections, predatory mites, in heavily infested areas miticides can be used during summer
52
This disease is spread by fungus entering pruning wounds, needs mild temperatures and moisture
Eutypa dieback. Fungus blocks and kills water conducting tissue, eventually killing the arm.
53
Symptoms of this disease are stunted shoots with small yellow cupped leaves, fruit quality is not affected but yield is substantially decreased.
Eutypa dieback.
54
How you control Eutypa dieback.
by vineyard hygiene - pruning wounds should be covered with a fungicide paste. Pruning should be done in early winter when spore numbers are lower and also done in dry weather to minimize the risk of infection.
55
This disease is sometimes inaccurately called Dead Arm, spreads slowly, difficult to eradicate once infected
phomopsis. Fungus causes basal buds to lose viability, restricts cane growth making them gragile, can lead to large decrease in yield.
56
Symptoms of this disease are noticed first during winter pruning. infected canes whiten and snap off easily, shoot growing from infected canes develop brown patches of dead tissue, shoot is weakened making it vulnerable to breakage.
phomopsis.
57
Leaf sympotms common in USA (not in Europe), small dark spots appear after rainfall
phomopsis
58
How is phomopsis introduced to vineyard
infected planting material, will take a number of years to become apparent
59
Phomopsis weather requirements
spreads easily in high humidity and lower temperatures, associated with damp areas and with rainy, cold springs.
60
How to control phomopsis
buying planting material off reputable suppliers can be prevented by fungicidal sprays in winter or at germination in spring most effective is high winter dose of sodium arsenite but because is dangerous to humans its not approved for use in all vineyard areas
61
Bacteria Xylella fastidiosa causes which deadly disease of grape vines
Pierce`s disease
62
How is Pierce`s disease spread
by glassy winged sharpshooters, these transmit the bacteria from host plants to vines while feeding. Bacteria enter water conducting vessels and clog them up.
63
Symptoms noticeable mid summer, leaves discolor which leads to leaf death over a period of a couple of weeks, the leaf then drops off the vine, new leaves are stunted and slow to develop
Pierce`s disease
64
Shoot growth is malformed with double nodes, short internode length and zigzag pattern growth, leaves are distorted and asymmetric.
Fanleaf virus
65
Bunches are smaller with poor fruit set leading to millerandage and up to 80% reduction in crop. Over time vines start failing to fruit especially on susceptible varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon.
Fanleaf virus
66
How is Fanleaf virus spread
infected planting material nematode feeding on infected plant root then on healthy ones
67
How to cure Fanleaf virus
buying planting material from certified nurseries that serotype and use thermotherapy on their vines. No cure once vineyard infected.
68
This disease is most widespread world wide, can reduce yield by 50%, decrease berry sugar by 30% and delay maturity by four weeks. Wines made are lower in color, alcohol, flavor and body
Leafroll virus
69
Symptoms of these disease seen in autumn are red (black grapes) and yellow (white grapes) leaves with downward rolled edges
Leafroll virus
70
Name two type of netting for protection against birds
over the row netting - cover the whole vine, can limit the amount of sunlight fruit zone netting that clip under and above the fruiting zone
71
Flying insects which damage grape vines in larval stage are called
grape moths
72
Pyrale, cochylis, eulia are what
most important types of grape moths in Europe, together with European grape Moth.
73
Orange Tatrix is what
the main grape moth in California
74
What grape moths do most damage in Australia and New Zealand
the grapevine moth and the light brown apple moth
75
What are natural enemies of grape moths
spiders, wasps, and shield bug
76
Explosive rockets for hail
silver iodide, rainfall rather than hail
77
What can divert thunderstorms from vineyard, preventing hail
towers charged with static electricity
78
In biodynamic viticulture what days are best for planting
root and fruit days
79
In biodynamic viticulture what days are best for cultivating, applying treatmants
fruit days
80
In biodynamic viticulture what is Horn Manure (500)
burried over winter, spray vineyard 2-4 times a year, build soil structure and humus
81
In biodynamic viticulture what is Horn Silica (501)
burried during summer, sprayed tops of vine and leaves to enhance use of light and heat, improves photosyntesis
82
In biodynamic viticulture what is compost made of
from vineyard waste: prunings, grape marc, animal manure (cow)
83
In biodynamic viticulture what is permitted to use
Bordaux mixture (3kg/ha), Sulfur (7kg/ha)
