Unit 2 - Week 2

Question 1

Part of the vine which absorb water and nutrients from soil, anchor the vine, store carbohydrates for winter is called

Answer 1

Roots

Question 2

Part of the vine which reach up toward the sun, responsible to transport water and other substances between roots, leaves and fruit and also store carbohydrates for winter are called

Answer 2

Trunk and arms

Question 3

Part of vine which grow out of buds and support leaves. Go woody and brown in autumn when they become known as cane

Answer 3

Shoots

Question 4

Part of vine which grow leaves, flower bunches and tendrils is called

Answer 4

Nodes

Question 5

Section of stem between nodes is called

Answer 5

Internode

Question 6

Part of vine which form at base of leaf stalks and allow the shoot to branch out is called

Answer 6

Buds

Question 7

Buds that break same year are called

Answer 7

Prompt buds

Question 8

Buds that break following spring are called

Answer 8

Latent or dormant buds

Question 9

Part of vine responsible for photosynthesis, also transpire from their pores (evaporate water) creating system which enable plant to suck up water from soil is called

Answer 9

Leaves

Question 10

Leaf stalks are called

Answer 10

Petioles

Question 11

What part of vine you need to analyses to determine nutrient requirement of vine

Answer 11

Petioles

Question 12

Reproductive stucture of vine is called

Answer 12

Flowers, vines are hermaphroditic

Question 13

Reproductive parts of vine is called

Answer 13

Infloresences

Question 14

They search out trellis wire and wind around them enabling shoots to stay upright and get maximum sun available

Answer 14

Tendrils

Question 15

When occurs budburst

Answer 15

April/May or Sept/Oct

Question 16

How is called trimming off shoot extremities which occurs in July

Answer 16

Summer training

Question 17

What is shoot positioning

Answer 17

Includes shoot removal, bud rubbing, and tucking in. After the risk of spring frost but before flowering

Question 18

What is bud rubbing

Answer 18

Removal of potential undesirable shoots before it has a chance to grow

Question 19

What is purpose of tucking in

Answer 19

To organise the canopy, facilitate mechanization

Question 20

What is leaf stripping

Answer 20

Removal of leaves around the fruit zone in order to improve canopy microclimate, spar penetration, increase speed of manual harvesting.

Question 21

When is done leaf stripping

Answer 21

Between veraison and harvest. 70 hr/ha

Question 22

What is green harvesting

Answer 22

Removal of bunches. Remaining bunches ripen more fully and evenly. Best done around veraison, to remove bunches on laterals and those nearest the shoot tips. By hand. Around 50 hr/ha.

Question 23

Soil management technique to achieve stable crumb structure

Answer 23

Adding organic matter, lack of disturbance, weed control

Question 24

Soil management technique to achieve sufficient water

Answer 24

Irrigation, improve structure, weed control

Question 25

Soil management technique to achieve good drainage and aeration

Answer 25

Drainage, deep cultivation, weed control

Question 26

Soil management technique to achieve high level of microbial and macrobial activity

Answer 26

Drainage, good structure, control soil compaction, weed control

Question 27

Soil management technique to achieve pH 6.0-7.5

Answer 27

Correct pH, lime applications

Question 28

Soil management technique to achieve sufficient nutrients

Answer 28

Add organic matter, chemical fertilisers, weed control

Question 29

Soil management technique to achieve sufficient depth and volume

Answer 29

Fertiliser/manure applications, weed control, drainage

Question 30

Where macronutrients occurs and what quantity

Answer 30

Macronutrients occur in the largest quantities in the plant tissue, ranging from 0.2 to 3% of dry weight

Question 31

What is the quantity of iron and manganese found in plant

Answer 31

50 to 150 mg/L dry weight

Question 32

What is the quantity of molybdenum, copper, zinc and boron found in plant

Answer 32

0.5 to 40 mg/L dry weight

Question 33

What is chlorosis

Answer 33

the yellowing of the foilage, common vine disorder

Question 34

What cause chlorosis

Answer 34

deficiency of iron, nitrogen, magnesium and/or sulfur

Question 35

What is a "hiden hunger"

Answer 35

deficiency of magnesium and zinc

Question 36

Following symptoms are deficiency of what element: reduced vigour, smaller leaves and shoots, yellowing of leaves and other green tissue, reddening (esp. petioles) may occur

Answer 36

Nitrogen (N) - major constituent of plant cell proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll and hormones.

Question 37

Following symptoms are deficiency of what element: older leaves become yellow in white varieties and red in red. Defoliation may follow, pronounced leaf blackening. Uneven ripening

Answer 37

Potassium (K) - regulates flow of water and sugar in plant, regulates internal acidity, enzyme activator, encourages ripening.

Question 38

Following symptoms are deficiency of what element: gradual reduction in shoot growth, reduced fruit set, low bunch numbers per shoot. yellowing between veins of recently mature leaves, red spots on leaves.

Answer 38

Phosphorus (P) - key element in energy fixation. Encourages root growth and the ripening proces.

Question 39

Following symptoms are deficiency of what element: yellowing between veins of older leaves for white varieties and reddening for red varieties

Answer 39

Magnesium (Mg) - essential component of chlorophyll, regulates internal acidity, sugar metabolism. Encourages ripening.

Question 40

Following symptoms are deficiency of what element: diffuse yellowing of young leaves and new growth

Answer 40

Iron (Fe) - involved in chlorophyll formation and energy trapping and transfer in photosynthesis and respiration.

Question 41

Following symptoms are deficiency of what element: yellowing between the main veins in broad bands

Answer 41

Manganese (Mn) - component of catalysts involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll and in nitrogen metabolism.

Question 42

Following symptoms are deficiency of what element: little leaf symptoms and stunted growth

Answer 42

Zinc (Zn) - component of a catalyst involved in cell metabolic reactions

Question 43

Which element (macronutrient) rarely lacking in vineyards

Answer 43

Calcium (Ca) - regulates cell acidity, component of cell walls.

Question 44

This micronutrient is involved in nitrogen metabolism

Answer 44

Molybdenum (Mo)

Question 45

This micronutrient is component of the enzymes of oxidation

Answer 45

Copper (Cu) - usually no deficient in vineyard as it is often applied to grapevine in copper-containing fungicidal sprays (Bordeaux mixture)

Question 46

Following symptoms are deficiency of what element: poor fruit set, smaller berries, death of the shoot tip, yellowing between the veins of recently matured leaves

Answer 46

Boron (B) - involved in the internal regulation of growth by plant hormones.

Question 47

What are slow-migrating minerals

Answer 47

phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium

Question 48

It is important to achieve balance between which nutrionts

Answer 48

Mg versus K, N versus K, Mn versus iron (Fe)

Question 49

When is nitrogen added

Answer 49

in spring because it is the greatest period when the vines demand outstrips the soils supply at flowering

Question 50

When are P and K usually added

Answer 50

in autumn (or spring in light soils)

Question 51

What are pre-emergence herbicides

Answer 51

poorly-soluble compounds that become trapped in the upper layers of soil. Absorbed through the roots, act by inhibiting photosynthesis in young seedlings, best applied before budburst on weed-free soil.

Question 52

What are contact herbicides

Answer 52

Also called wilters or knockdown. Absorbed through green organs, stay localised, destroy those parts.

Question 53

What are systemic herbicides

Answer 53

Absorbed by the leaves, destroy whole plant, slow acting.

Question 54

When to use systemic herbicides

Answer 54

after leaf-fall if perennial weeds are present

Question 55

When to us pre-emergence herbicides

Answer 55

before budbreak and spot applications of contacts (or systematic) after budburst

Question 56

Spreading of matter onto the soil surface to suppress weed and prevent light from reaching the young weeds is called

Answer 56

Mulching

Question 57

Name some types of mulches

Answer 57

black polythene, straw, grass clippings, paper, tree bark, wood chips, marc, timber milling, sugar refining and household waste.

Question 58

What is "strategic" mulching

Answer 58

applying mulches with a high carbon:nitrogen ration (straw, paper, woodchip) on more vigorous plants. Used to reduce variability in the establishment of young vines.

Question 59

This type of irrigation is ancient, large quantities of water needed

Answer 59

flood irrigation

Question 60

Advantages of fixed and travelling sprinklers

Answer 60

overhead sprinklers, cheat to install, can be used against frost or to induce humid conditions needed for noble rot

Question 61

Disdvantages of fixed and travelling sprinklers

Answer 61

Wasteful of water, erosion, increased fungal disease. Traveling sprinklers are also labour intensive

Question 62

Which irrigation system has potential for frost protection

Answer 62

only fixed overhead sprinkler. But flood and under canopy can through soil wetting.

Question 63

Which irrigation system is least tolerant to water salinity

Answer 63

fixed overhead sprinkler

Question 64

What is Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI)

Answer 64

water stress to control vegetative and reproductive growth. Water deficit applied variably between fruit set and month after veraison.

Question 65

What is Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) disadvantages.

Answer 65

not advised for hot regions. Lower yields

Question 66

What is Partial Rootzone Drying (PRD)

Answer 66

half of the root system is dry, half is irrigated.