Unit 2 - Week 1 Flashcards by ziki 021

At what temperature is wine dormant

Below 10 C

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At what temperature is optimal vine growth

22-25 C

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Regional climate is called

Macroclimate

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What grape varieties grow best in cool climates (below 16 C average mean temp. during growing season)

early ripening varieties will just ripen. Chardonnay, Pinot Noir.

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What grape varieties grow best in moderate climate (16.5-18.5 C average mean temp. during growing season)

Medium body wines from intermediate ripening varieties. Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sangiovese.

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What grape varieties grow best in warm climate (18.5 -21 C average mean temp. during growing season)

Heat loving varieties (Grenache, Mourvedre). Often fortified wines.

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What grape varieties grow best in hot climate (over 21 C average mean temp. during growing season)

Table and drying grapes.

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Name some typical cool climate regions

Champagne, Mosel, South England, Anderson Valley, Tasmania.

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Name some typical moderate climate regions

Bordeaux, N. Rhone, Rioja, Piemonte, Toscana, Coonawara, Marlborough, moderate parts of Napa and Sonoma.

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Name some typical warm climate regions

South Rhone, Douro, Jerez, McLaren Vale, Paarl

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Name some typical hot climate regions

San Joaquin Valley.

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Site climate is called

Mesoclimate

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Canopy climate is called

Microclimate

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How is heat summation calculated (Amerine and Winkler)

Mean temperature for the month, subtracting 10 C and multiplying by number of days in month. Monthly sum are totaled for each of seven months of growing season.

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How many Growing Degree Days (GDD) in Amerine Winkler Category I

Below 1370

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How many Growing Degree Days (GDD) in Amerine Winkler Category II

1370-1650

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How many Growing Degree Days (GDD) in Amerine Winkler Category III

1650-1930

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How many Growing Degree Days (GDD) in Amerine Winkler Category IV

1930-2200

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How many Growing Degree Days (GDD) in Amerine Winkler Category V

Over 2200

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What kind of wines and what region are best in Amerine Winkler Category I

Producing finest light white wines. Areas include Chablis, Mosel Valley and Champagne.

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What kind of wines and what region are best in Amerine Winkler Category II

Premium medium bodied red wines. Regions include Napa Valley, Bordeaux, North Rhone.

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What kind of wines and what region are best in Amerine Winkler Category III

Premium full bodied red wines. Regions include Barossa Valley, Stellenbosch, South Rhone.

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What kind of wines and what region are best in Amerine Winkler Category IV

The best fortified wines.

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What kind of wines and what region are best in Amerine Winkler Category V

Adapted for bulk wines, and table and drying grapes.

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What regions are in EU region A

Germany (excluding Baden), UK

What regions are in EU region B

Loire, Champagne, Alsace, Austria

What regions are in EU region C 1a

Bordeaux, South West France, Rhone, Vinho Verde

What regions are in EU region C 1b

Hungary, Trentino-Alto Adige

What regions are in EU region C2

Languedoc-Roussillon, Provence, Northern Spain (except Atlantic coast), most of Italy

What regions are in EU region C3a

Parts of Greece

What regions are in EU region C3b

Portugal (except Vinho Verde), South Spain, Puglia, Sicily, Most of Greece.

What are advantages of Clay soils

retain more moisture, more minerals

What are disadvantages of Clay soils

colder, wet clay is very sticky, swell when absorb water and shrinks when dry which cause severe cracking through which water is quickly lost, cracking also damage root systems.

What is Loam

Balanced mixture of clay, silt, and sand. Combine nutrient holding abilities of clay with good drainage capabilities of sand.

What is Limestone

Largely calcium carbonate, alkaline, free draining. Loire, Piemonte, North Spain, Burgundy,

What is Chalk

lower density than limestone so more free draining. Champagne, Jerez

What is Dolomite

High level Magnesium

What is Sandstone

Compresed sand (quartz) particles

What is Shale

Originally composed of clay, quite soft.

What is Slate

Shale altered by high pressures and temperatures. Harder and less porous than shale. Mosel

What is Granite

Igneous rock, formed from magma. extremely hard and dense but still free draining. Baden. North Rhone.

What is puddling

Rainwater stay on surface of crust, extensive erosion

what is sieving

Clay particles carried with water draining through soil and deposited lower down, formin a layer which prevents drainage and aeration of soil.

From what is composed organic matter in soil

Sugars, starches, cellulose, nitrogenous compounds, lignin and mineral matter.

This elements are essential for plant growth but they are taken from air not soil

Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H)

This macronutrient is major constituent of plant cell proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll and hormones. Second to water in importance for plant growth.

Nitrogen (N)

This macronutrient is key element in energy fixation. Encourages root growth and ripening process.

Phosphorus (P)

This macronutrient regulates flow of water and sugar in plant, encourages ripening.

Potassium (K)

This macronutrient regulates cell acidity, important component of cell walls

Calcium (Ca)

This macronutrient is essential constituent of some amino acids and enzymes

Sulfur (S)

This macronutrient is essential component of chlorophyll, regulates internal acidity, sugar metabolism, encourages ripening.

Magnesium (Mg)

Name micronutrients in soil

Boron, Magnase, Copper, Iron, Molybdenum, Zinc, Cobalt, Chlorine, Silicon.

Sandy soil in high rainfall area will be deficient in which nutrients

Potassium, Calcium, Sulfur

Frequently cultivated, shallow soil in low rainfall area will be deficit in which nutrients

Nitrogen

Soil acidity is measured by the pH scale which measure what

concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution

What pH grape vines cant tolerate, why

pH bellow 5, aluminium becomes available which poisones the plant.

Limestone rich soil tends to have high pH which inhibits the uptake of iron and other micronutrients and can increase the risk of what

Chlorosis

Vines die of drought in patches that increase in size year by year is sign of what

Phylloxera vastratix infection in vineyard

Roots are covered with insects oval yellow-brown dots surrounded by lemon yellow eggs is sign of what

Phylloxera vastratix infection in vineyard

Nodosites near the root tip, tuberosites (swellings) on older roots is sign of what

Phylloxera vastratix infection in vineyard

Pale green leaf galls on the under-surface of the leaves is sign of what

Phylloxera vastratix infection in vineyard

This nematode transmit viral diseases

Xiphinema index

This nematodes are feeding off the roots

Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne

This american specie is more tolerant of damp conditions.

Vitis riparia

This american specie is more tolerant to drought

Vitis rupestris

This american specie is has low vigour so better for high density plantings

Vitis riparia

This american specie has high vigour so best for high-yielding, low density vineyards

Vitis rupestris

Untrellised vines are usually pruned

spur-pruned

what are advantage of untrellised vine

foilage can provide shade, cheap

What are disadvantage of untellised vines

Low production, prone to disease, manual work.

What is advantage of single wire

Forming continuous row of foliage

What is disadvantage of single wire

New shoots hang down, no protection to fruit from sunburn

How are single wire trained

Cordon trained and spur pruned or Head trained and cane pruned

Non divided canopy, consist of movable foliage wires which enable shoots to be trained into a narrow vertical canopy is called

Vertical shoot positioning (VSP)

Where is Vertical shoot positioning (VSP) adopted

In places where there is a high risk of fungal disease

How Vertical shoot positioning (VSP) vines are trained

Cane-pruned or spur-pruned, shoots are uniformaly trained so all the fruit is in one zone and shoot tips in another.

What is disadventage of Vertical shoot positioning (VSP)

Shoot density is high, therefore prone to shade, unsuited to high vigour varieties and high potential sites.

What is a name of physical structure consisting of posts and wires that largely supports the grapevine framework

Trellis

What is grapevine framework

Canes, shoots, foliage

Name two Vertical divided trellis system

Scott-Henry (cane pruning) Smart-Dyson or Ballerina (cordon)

What are advantages of Vertical divided trellis system

Canopy surface increased by 60% higher photosynthesis and yield, shoot density is halved, canopy is less dense, fruit exposure increased, decrease in diseases

What are disadvantages of Vertical divided trellis system

Higher establishment costs, greater level of expertise to train the vine

Geneva double curtain (GDC) is example of which trellis system

Multi-wired, Horizontal. Complex system designed for high potential soils. Divided canopy. Spur pruned by machine.

What are advantages of Geneva double curtain (GDC)

Reduction in shading, downward pointing shoots, fruit exposed to greater amount of sunlight. 50% more yield of better quality grapes compared to VSP.

What are disadvantages of Geneva double curtain (GDC)

Expense of the materials, expertise required to train the vines.

U-shaped or Lyre trellis is example of which trellis system

Multi-wired, Horizontal. Complex system designed for high potential soils.

What are advantages of U-shaped or Lyre trellis

Due to open canopy, improvements in yield and grape quality.

What are disadvantages of U-shaped or Lyre trellis

Shoots needs to be positioned correctly and continually trimmed, high costs.

Pergola/tendone trellis is example of which trellis system

Multi-wired, Horizontal. Complex system designed for high potential soils.

What are advantages of Pergola/tendone trellis

Overhead system, very productive

What are disadvantages of Pergola/tendone trellis

Unsuitable for high potential sites as very dense canopy leds to shadin problems, increased risk of powdery mildew and botrytis.

In which countries is use Pergola/tendone trellis system

Used for table grapes, Chile, Argentina, Italy

In which countries is use Geneva double curtain (GDC)

Australia, California, parts of Italy

In which countries is use U-shaped or Lyre trellis system

France, California, New Zealand, cool Australia, Chile, Uruguay.

What is the name of non residual herbicide for killing weed

Glyphosate (Roundup)

pH should be increased above 6.5 using what

Calcite (Calcium carbonate); Magnesite (Magnesium carbonate) or Dolomite (mix of both)

Used to improve soil structure, reduce dispersion of surface soil, minimizes swelling of sub-surface soils, thus improving permeability and aeration

Gypsum (CaSO4)

Plastic netted sleeves are used for

Protection from rabbits

Slug pellets are used for

Protection from slugs and snails