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WSET Diploma > Unit 2 - Week 1 > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

At what temperature is wine dormant

A

Below 10 C

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2
Q

At what temperature is optimal vine growth

A

22-25 C

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3
Q

Regional climate is called

A

Macroclimate

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4
Q

What grape varieties grow best in cool climates (below 16 C average mean temp. during growing season)

A

early ripening varieties will just ripen. Chardonnay, Pinot Noir.

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5
Q

What grape varieties grow best in moderate climate (16.5-18.5 C average mean temp. during growing season)

A

Medium body wines from intermediate ripening varieties. Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sangiovese.

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6
Q

What grape varieties grow best in warm climate (18.5 -21 C average mean temp. during growing season)

A

Heat loving varieties (Grenache, Mourvedre). Often fortified wines.

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7
Q

What grape varieties grow best in hot climate (over 21 C average mean temp. during growing season)

A

Table and drying grapes.

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8
Q

Name some typical cool climate regions

A

Champagne, Mosel, South England, Anderson Valley, Tasmania.

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9
Q

Name some typical moderate climate regions

A

Bordeaux, N. Rhone, Rioja, Piemonte, Toscana, Coonawara, Marlborough, moderate parts of Napa and Sonoma.

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10
Q

Name some typical warm climate regions

A

South Rhone, Douro, Jerez, McLaren Vale, Paarl

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11
Q

Name some typical hot climate regions

A

San Joaquin Valley.

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12
Q

Site climate is called

A

Mesoclimate

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13
Q

Canopy climate is called

A

Microclimate

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14
Q

How is heat summation calculated (Amerine and Winkler)

A

Mean temperature for the month, subtracting 10 C and multiplying by number of days in month. Monthly sum are totaled for each of seven months of growing season.

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15
Q

How many Growing Degree Days (GDD) in Amerine Winkler Category I

A

Below 1370

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16
Q

How many Growing Degree Days (GDD) in Amerine Winkler Category II

A

1370-1650

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17
Q

How many Growing Degree Days (GDD) in Amerine Winkler Category III

A

1650-1930

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18
Q

How many Growing Degree Days (GDD) in Amerine Winkler Category IV

A

1930-2200

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19
Q

How many Growing Degree Days (GDD) in Amerine Winkler Category V

A

Over 2200

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20
Q

What kind of wines and what region are best in Amerine Winkler Category I

A

Producing finest light white wines. Areas include Chablis, Mosel Valley and Champagne.

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21
Q

What kind of wines and what region are best in Amerine Winkler Category II

A

Premium medium bodied red wines. Regions include Napa Valley, Bordeaux, North Rhone.

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22
Q

What kind of wines and what region are best in Amerine Winkler Category III

A

Premium full bodied red wines. Regions include Barossa Valley, Stellenbosch, South Rhone.

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23
Q

What kind of wines and what region are best in Amerine Winkler Category IV

A

The best fortified wines.

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24
Q

What kind of wines and what region are best in Amerine Winkler Category V

A

Adapted for bulk wines, and table and drying grapes.

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25
Q

What regions are in EU region A

A

Germany (excluding Baden), UK

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26
Q

What regions are in EU region B

A

Loire, Champagne, Alsace, Austria

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27
Q

What regions are in EU region C 1a

A

Bordeaux, South West France, Rhone, Vinho Verde

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28
Q

What regions are in EU region C 1b

A

Hungary, Trentino-Alto Adige

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29
Q

What regions are in EU region C2

A

Languedoc-Roussillon, Provence, Northern Spain (except Atlantic coast), most of Italy

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30
Q

What regions are in EU region C3a

A

Parts of Greece

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31
Q

What regions are in EU region C3b

A

Portugal (except Vinho Verde), South Spain, Puglia, Sicily, Most of Greece.

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32
Q

What are advantages of Clay soils

A

retain more moisture, more minerals

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33
Q

What are disadvantages of Clay soils

A

colder, wet clay is very sticky, swell when absorb water and shrinks when dry which cause severe cracking through which water is quickly lost, cracking also damage root systems.

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34
Q

What is Loam

A

Balanced mixture of clay, silt, and sand. Combine nutrient holding abilities of clay with good drainage capabilities of sand.

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35
Q

What is Limestone

A

Largely calcium carbonate, alkaline, free draining. Loire, Piemonte, North Spain, Burgundy,

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36
Q

What is Chalk

A

lower density than limestone so more free draining. Champagne, Jerez

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37
Q

What is Dolomite

A

High level Magnesium

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38
Q

What is Sandstone

A

Compresed sand (quartz) particles

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39
Q

What is Shale

A

Originally composed of clay, quite soft.

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40
Q

What is Slate

A

Shale altered by high pressures and temperatures. Harder and less porous than shale. Mosel

41
Q

What is Granite

A

Igneous rock, formed from magma. extremely hard and dense but still free draining. Baden. North Rhone.

42
Q

What is puddling

A

Rainwater stay on surface of crust, extensive erosion

43
Q

what is sieving

A

Clay particles carried with water draining through soil and deposited lower down, formin a layer which prevents drainage and aeration of soil.

44
Q

From what is composed organic matter in soil

A

Sugars, starches, cellulose, nitrogenous compounds, lignin and mineral matter.

45
Q

This elements are essential for plant growth but they are taken from air not soil

A

Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H)

46
Q

This macronutrient is major constituent of plant cell proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll and hormones. Second to water in importance for plant growth.

A

Nitrogen (N)

47
Q

This macronutrient is key element in energy fixation. Encourages root growth and ripening process.

A

Phosphorus (P)

48
Q

This macronutrient regulates flow of water and sugar in plant, encourages ripening.

A

Potassium (K)

49
Q

This macronutrient regulates cell acidity, important component of cell walls

A

Calcium (Ca)

50
Q

This macronutrient is essential constituent of some amino acids and enzymes

A

Sulfur (S)

51
Q

This macronutrient is essential component of chlorophyll, regulates internal acidity, sugar metabolism, encourages ripening.

A

Magnesium (Mg)

52
Q

Name micronutrients in soil

A

Boron, Magnase, Copper, Iron, Molybdenum, Zinc, Cobalt, Chlorine, Silicon.

53
Q

Sandy soil in high rainfall area will be deficient in which nutrients

A

Potassium, Calcium, Sulfur

54
Q

Frequently cultivated, shallow soil in low rainfall area will be deficit in which nutrients

A

Nitrogen

55
Q

Soil acidity is measured by the pH scale which measure what

A

concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution

56
Q

What pH grape vines cant tolerate, why

A

pH bellow 5, aluminium becomes available which poisones the plant.

57
Q

Limestone rich soil tends to have high pH which inhibits the uptake of iron and other micronutrients and can increase the risk of what

A

Chlorosis

58
Q

Vines die of drought in patches that increase in size year by year is sign of what

A

Phylloxera vastratix infection in vineyard

59
Q

Roots are covered with insects oval yellow-brown dots surrounded by lemon yellow eggs is sign of what

A

Phylloxera vastratix infection in vineyard

60
Q

Nodosites near the root tip, tuberosites (swellings) on older roots is sign of what

A

Phylloxera vastratix infection in vineyard

61
Q

Pale green leaf galls on the under-surface of the leaves is sign of what

A

Phylloxera vastratix infection in vineyard

62
Q

This nematode transmit viral diseases

A

Xiphinema index

63
Q

This nematodes are feeding off the roots

A

Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne

64
Q

This american specie is more tolerant of damp conditions.

A

Vitis riparia

65
Q

This american specie is more tolerant to drought

A

Vitis rupestris

66
Q

This american specie is has low vigour so better for high density plantings

A

Vitis riparia

67
Q

This american specie has high vigour so best for high-yielding, low density vineyards

A

Vitis rupestris

68
Q

Untrellised vines are usually pruned

A

spur-pruned

69
Q

what are advantage of untrellised vine

A

foilage can provide shade, cheap

70
Q

What are disadvantage of untellised vines

A

Low production, prone to disease, manual work.

71
Q

What is advantage of single wire

A

Forming continuous row of foliage

72
Q

What is disadvantage of single wire

A

New shoots hang down, no protection to fruit from sunburn

73
Q

How are single wire trained

A

Cordon trained and spur pruned or Head trained and cane pruned

74
Q

Non divided canopy, consist of movable foliage wires which enable shoots to be trained into a narrow vertical canopy is called

A

Vertical shoot positioning (VSP)

75
Q

Where is Vertical shoot positioning (VSP) adopted

A

In places where there is a high risk of fungal disease

76
Q

How Vertical shoot positioning (VSP) vines are trained

A

Cane-pruned or spur-pruned, shoots are uniformaly trained so all the fruit is in one zone and shoot tips in another.

77
Q

What is disadventage of Vertical shoot positioning (VSP)

A

Shoot density is high, therefore prone to shade, unsuited to high vigour varieties and high potential sites.

78
Q

What is a name of physical structure consisting of posts and wires that largely supports the grapevine framework

A

Trellis

79
Q

What is grapevine framework

A

Canes, shoots, foliage

80
Q

Name two Vertical divided trellis system

A

Scott-Henry (cane pruning) Smart-Dyson or Ballerina (cordon)

81
Q

What are advantages of Vertical divided trellis system

A

Canopy surface increased by 60% higher photosynthesis and yield, shoot density is halved, canopy is less dense, fruit exposure increased, decrease in diseases

82
Q

What are disadvantages of Vertical divided trellis system

A

Higher establishment costs, greater level of expertise to train the vine

83
Q

Geneva double curtain (GDC) is example of which trellis system

A

Multi-wired, Horizontal. Complex system designed for high potential soils. Divided canopy. Spur pruned by machine.

84
Q

What are advantages of Geneva double curtain (GDC)

A

Reduction in shading, downward pointing shoots, fruit exposed to greater amount of sunlight. 50% more yield of better quality grapes compared to VSP.

85
Q

What are disadvantages of Geneva double curtain (GDC)

A

Expense of the materials, expertise required to train the vines.

86
Q

U-shaped or Lyre trellis is example of which trellis system

A

Multi-wired, Horizontal. Complex system designed for high potential soils.

87
Q

What are advantages of U-shaped or Lyre trellis

A

Due to open canopy, improvements in yield and grape quality.

88
Q

What are disadvantages of U-shaped or Lyre trellis

A

Shoots needs to be positioned correctly and continually trimmed, high costs.

89
Q

Pergola/tendone trellis is example of which trellis system

A

Multi-wired, Horizontal. Complex system designed for high potential soils.

90
Q

What are advantages of Pergola/tendone trellis

A

Overhead system, very productive

91
Q

What are disadvantages of Pergola/tendone trellis

A

Unsuitable for high potential sites as very dense canopy leds to shadin problems, increased risk of powdery mildew and botrytis.

92
Q

In which countries is use Pergola/tendone trellis system

A

Used for table grapes, Chile, Argentina, Italy

93
Q

In which countries is use Geneva double curtain (GDC)

A

Australia, California, parts of Italy

94
Q

In which countries is use U-shaped or Lyre trellis system

A

France, California, New Zealand, cool Australia, Chile, Uruguay.

95
Q

What is the name of non residual herbicide for killing weed

A

Glyphosate (Roundup)

96
Q

pH should be increased above 6.5 using what

A

Calcite (Calcium carbonate); Magnesite (Magnesium carbonate) or Dolomite (mix of both)

97
Q

Used to improve soil structure, reduce dispersion of surface soil, minimizes swelling of sub-surface soils, thus improving permeability and aeration

A

Gypsum (CaSO4)

98
Q

Plastic netted sleeves are used for

A

Protection from rabbits

99
Q

Slug pellets are used for

A

Protection from slugs and snails

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