Unit 2 - Week 1 Flashcards
At what temperature is wine dormant
Below 10 C
At what temperature is optimal vine growth
22-25 C
Regional climate is called
Macroclimate
What grape varieties grow best in cool climates (below 16 C average mean temp. during growing season)
early ripening varieties will just ripen. Chardonnay, Pinot Noir.
What grape varieties grow best in moderate climate (16.5-18.5 C average mean temp. during growing season)
Medium body wines from intermediate ripening varieties. Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sangiovese.
What grape varieties grow best in warm climate (18.5 -21 C average mean temp. during growing season)
Heat loving varieties (Grenache, Mourvedre). Often fortified wines.
What grape varieties grow best in hot climate (over 21 C average mean temp. during growing season)
Table and drying grapes.
Name some typical cool climate regions
Champagne, Mosel, South England, Anderson Valley, Tasmania.
Name some typical moderate climate regions
Bordeaux, N. Rhone, Rioja, Piemonte, Toscana, Coonawara, Marlborough, moderate parts of Napa and Sonoma.
Name some typical warm climate regions
South Rhone, Douro, Jerez, McLaren Vale, Paarl
Name some typical hot climate regions
San Joaquin Valley.
Site climate is called
Mesoclimate
Canopy climate is called
Microclimate
How is heat summation calculated (Amerine and Winkler)
Mean temperature for the month, subtracting 10 C and multiplying by number of days in month. Monthly sum are totaled for each of seven months of growing season.
How many Growing Degree Days (GDD) in Amerine Winkler Category I
Below 1370
How many Growing Degree Days (GDD) in Amerine Winkler Category II
1370-1650
How many Growing Degree Days (GDD) in Amerine Winkler Category III
1650-1930
How many Growing Degree Days (GDD) in Amerine Winkler Category IV
1930-2200
How many Growing Degree Days (GDD) in Amerine Winkler Category V
Over 2200
What kind of wines and what region are best in Amerine Winkler Category I
Producing finest light white wines. Areas include Chablis, Mosel Valley and Champagne.
What kind of wines and what region are best in Amerine Winkler Category II
Premium medium bodied red wines. Regions include Napa Valley, Bordeaux, North Rhone.
What kind of wines and what region are best in Amerine Winkler Category III
Premium full bodied red wines. Regions include Barossa Valley, Stellenbosch, South Rhone.
What kind of wines and what region are best in Amerine Winkler Category IV
The best fortified wines.
What kind of wines and what region are best in Amerine Winkler Category V
Adapted for bulk wines, and table and drying grapes.
What regions are in EU region A
Germany (excluding Baden), UK
What regions are in EU region B
Loire, Champagne, Alsace, Austria
What regions are in EU region C 1a
Bordeaux, South West France, Rhone, Vinho Verde
What regions are in EU region C 1b
Hungary, Trentino-Alto Adige
What regions are in EU region C2
Languedoc-Roussillon, Provence, Northern Spain (except Atlantic coast), most of Italy
What regions are in EU region C3a
Parts of Greece
What regions are in EU region C3b
Portugal (except Vinho Verde), South Spain, Puglia, Sicily, Most of Greece.
What are advantages of Clay soils
retain more moisture, more minerals
What are disadvantages of Clay soils
colder, wet clay is very sticky, swell when absorb water and shrinks when dry which cause severe cracking through which water is quickly lost, cracking also damage root systems.
What is Loam
Balanced mixture of clay, silt, and sand. Combine nutrient holding abilities of clay with good drainage capabilities of sand.
What is Limestone
Largely calcium carbonate, alkaline, free draining. Loire, Piemonte, North Spain, Burgundy,
What is Chalk
lower density than limestone so more free draining. Champagne, Jerez
What is Dolomite
High level Magnesium
What is Sandstone
Compresed sand (quartz) particles
What is Shale
Originally composed of clay, quite soft.
What is Slate
Shale altered by high pressures and temperatures. Harder and less porous than shale. Mosel
What is Granite
Igneous rock, formed from magma. extremely hard and dense but still free draining. Baden. North Rhone.
What is puddling
Rainwater stay on surface of crust, extensive erosion
what is sieving
Clay particles carried with water draining through soil and deposited lower down, formin a layer which prevents drainage and aeration of soil.
From what is composed organic matter in soil
Sugars, starches, cellulose, nitrogenous compounds, lignin and mineral matter.
This elements are essential for plant growth but they are taken from air not soil
Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H)
This macronutrient is major constituent of plant cell proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll and hormones. Second to water in importance for plant growth.
Nitrogen (N)
This macronutrient is key element in energy fixation. Encourages root growth and ripening process.
Phosphorus (P)
This macronutrient regulates flow of water and sugar in plant, encourages ripening.
Potassium (K)
This macronutrient regulates cell acidity, important component of cell walls
Calcium (Ca)
This macronutrient is essential constituent of some amino acids and enzymes
Sulfur (S)
This macronutrient is essential component of chlorophyll, regulates internal acidity, sugar metabolism, encourages ripening.
Magnesium (Mg)
Name micronutrients in soil
Boron, Magnase, Copper, Iron, Molybdenum, Zinc, Cobalt, Chlorine, Silicon.
Sandy soil in high rainfall area will be deficient in which nutrients
Potassium, Calcium, Sulfur
Frequently cultivated, shallow soil in low rainfall area will be deficit in which nutrients
Nitrogen
Soil acidity is measured by the pH scale which measure what
concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution
What pH grape vines cant tolerate, why
pH bellow 5, aluminium becomes available which poisones the plant.
Limestone rich soil tends to have high pH which inhibits the uptake of iron and other micronutrients and can increase the risk of what
Chlorosis
Vines die of drought in patches that increase in size year by year is sign of what
Phylloxera vastratix infection in vineyard
Roots are covered with insects oval yellow-brown dots surrounded by lemon yellow eggs is sign of what
Phylloxera vastratix infection in vineyard
Nodosites near the root tip, tuberosites (swellings) on older roots is sign of what
Phylloxera vastratix infection in vineyard
Pale green leaf galls on the under-surface of the leaves is sign of what
Phylloxera vastratix infection in vineyard
This nematode transmit viral diseases
Xiphinema index
This nematodes are feeding off the roots
Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne
This american specie is more tolerant of damp conditions.
Vitis riparia
This american specie is more tolerant to drought
Vitis rupestris
This american specie is has low vigour so better for high density plantings
Vitis riparia
This american specie has high vigour so best for high-yielding, low density vineyards
Vitis rupestris
Untrellised vines are usually pruned
spur-pruned
what are advantage of untrellised vine
foilage can provide shade, cheap
What are disadvantage of untellised vines
Low production, prone to disease, manual work.
What is advantage of single wire
Forming continuous row of foliage
What is disadvantage of single wire
New shoots hang down, no protection to fruit from sunburn
How are single wire trained
Cordon trained and spur pruned or Head trained and cane pruned
Non divided canopy, consist of movable foliage wires which enable shoots to be trained into a narrow vertical canopy is called
Vertical shoot positioning (VSP)
Where is Vertical shoot positioning (VSP) adopted
In places where there is a high risk of fungal disease
How Vertical shoot positioning (VSP) vines are trained
Cane-pruned or spur-pruned, shoots are uniformaly trained so all the fruit is in one zone and shoot tips in another.
What is disadventage of Vertical shoot positioning (VSP)
Shoot density is high, therefore prone to shade, unsuited to high vigour varieties and high potential sites.
What is a name of physical structure consisting of posts and wires that largely supports the grapevine framework
Trellis
What is grapevine framework
Canes, shoots, foliage
Name two Vertical divided trellis system
Scott-Henry (cane pruning) Smart-Dyson or Ballerina (cordon)
What are advantages of Vertical divided trellis system
Canopy surface increased by 60% higher photosynthesis and yield, shoot density is halved, canopy is less dense, fruit exposure increased, decrease in diseases
What are disadvantages of Vertical divided trellis system
Higher establishment costs, greater level of expertise to train the vine
Geneva double curtain (GDC) is example of which trellis system
Multi-wired, Horizontal. Complex system designed for high potential soils. Divided canopy. Spur pruned by machine.
What are advantages of Geneva double curtain (GDC)
Reduction in shading, downward pointing shoots, fruit exposed to greater amount of sunlight. 50% more yield of better quality grapes compared to VSP.
What are disadvantages of Geneva double curtain (GDC)
Expense of the materials, expertise required to train the vines.
U-shaped or Lyre trellis is example of which trellis system
Multi-wired, Horizontal. Complex system designed for high potential soils.
What are advantages of U-shaped or Lyre trellis
Due to open canopy, improvements in yield and grape quality.
What are disadvantages of U-shaped or Lyre trellis
Shoots needs to be positioned correctly and continually trimmed, high costs.
Pergola/tendone trellis is example of which trellis system
Multi-wired, Horizontal. Complex system designed for high potential soils.
What are advantages of Pergola/tendone trellis
Overhead system, very productive
What are disadvantages of Pergola/tendone trellis
Unsuitable for high potential sites as very dense canopy leds to shadin problems, increased risk of powdery mildew and botrytis.
In which countries is use Pergola/tendone trellis system
Used for table grapes, Chile, Argentina, Italy
In which countries is use Geneva double curtain (GDC)
Australia, California, parts of Italy
In which countries is use U-shaped or Lyre trellis system
France, California, New Zealand, cool Australia, Chile, Uruguay.
What is the name of non residual herbicide for killing weed
Glyphosate (Roundup)
pH should be increased above 6.5 using what
Calcite (Calcium carbonate); Magnesite (Magnesium carbonate) or Dolomite (mix of both)
Used to improve soil structure, reduce dispersion of surface soil, minimizes swelling of sub-surface soils, thus improving permeability and aeration
Gypsum (CaSO4)
Plastic netted sleeves are used for
Protection from rabbits
Slug pellets are used for
Protection from slugs and snails
