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Ecology and Evolution Unit 1 & 2 > Unit 2: vocabulary > Flashcards

Unit 2: vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

age structure

A

proportion of population members at specific age ranges

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2
Q

biotic potential (rmax)

A

maximal potential growth rate of a species

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3
Q

birth rate (B)

A

number of births within a population at a specific point in time

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4
Q

carrying capacity (K)

A

number of individuals of a species that can be supported by the limited resources of a habitat

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5
Q

clumped dispersion

A

individuals are closer than expected by chance

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6
Q

cohort

A

group of the same age that can be followed through time

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7
Q

death rate (D)

A

number of deaths within a population at a specific point in time

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8
Q

demographic-based population model

A

modern model of population dynamics incorporating many features of the r- and K-selection theory

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9
Q

demography

A

statistical study of changes in populations over time

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10
Q

density-dependent regulation

A

regulation of population that is influenced by population density, such as crowding effects; usually involves biotic factors

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11
Q

density-independent regulation

A

regulation of populations by factors that operate independent of population density, such as forest fires and volcanic eruptions; usually involves abiotic factors

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12
Q

Emsleyan/Mertensian mimicry

A

type of mimicry where a harmful species resembles a less harmful one

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13
Q

energy budget

A

allocation of energy resources for body maintenance, reproduction, and parental care

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14
Q

exponential growth

A

accelerating growth pattern seen in species under conditions where resources are not limiting

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15
Q

fecundity

A

potential reproductive capacity of an individual

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16
Q

Ilkka Hanski

A

studied metapopulation dynamics; found overall balance between sub-population extinctions and re-colonizations

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17
Q

host

A

organism a parasite lives on

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18
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition between members of the same species

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19
Q

iteroparity

A

life history strategy characterized by multiple reproductive events during the lifetime of a species

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20
Q

J-shaped growth curve

A

shape of an exponential growth curve

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21
Q

K-selected species

A

species suited to stable environments that produce a few, relatively large offspring and provide parental care

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22
Q

life history

A

inherited pattern of resource allocation under the influence of natural selection and other evolutionary forces

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23
Q

life table

A

table showing the life expectancy of a population member based on its age

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24
Q

logistic growth

A

leveling off of exponential growth due to limiting resources

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25
Q

mark and recapture

A

technique used to determine population size in mobile organisms

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26
Q

mortality rate

A

proportion of population surviving to the beginning of an age interval that die during the age interval

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27
Q

parasite

A

organism that uses resources from another species, the host

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28
Q

parental care

A

investment by parents in the production, survival, and development of offspring

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29
Q

population cycle

A

somewhat regular rise and fall in population size

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30
Q

population density

A

number of population members divided by the area or volume being measured

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31
Q

population growth rate

A

number of organisms added in each reproductive generation

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32
Q

population size (N)

A

number of population members in a habitat at the same time

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33
Q

quadrat

A

square made of various materials used to determine population size and density in slow moving or stationary organisms

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34
Q

random dispersion

A

individuals have equal probability of occurring anywhere in area

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35
Q

r-selected species

A

species suited to changing environments that produce many offspring and provide little or no parental care

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36
Q

S-shaped growth curve

A

shape of a logistic growth curve

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37
Q

semelparity

A

life history strategy characterized by a single reproductive event followed by death

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38
Q

species dispersion pattern

A

(also, species distribution pattern) spatial location of individuals of a given species within a habitat at a particular point in time

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39
Q

survivorship curve

A

graph of the number of surviving population members versus the relative age of the member

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40
Q

uniform dispersion

A

relative equal spacing among individuals, maximizes the space between neighbors

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41
Q

zero population growth

A

steady population size where birth rates and death rates are equal

42
Q

aggressive display

A

visual display by a species member to discourage other members of the same species or different species

43
Q

aggressive mimicry

A

when a predator mimics something desireable

44
Q

aposematic coloration

A

warning coloration used as a defensive mechanism against predation

45
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

type of mimicry where a non-harmful species takes on the warning colorations of a harmful one

46
Q

camouflage

A

avoid detection by blending in with the background

47
Q

character displacement

A

evolutionary changes in traits that makes niche differentiation possible

48
Q

climax community

A

final stage of succession, where a stable community is formed by a characteristic assortment of plant and animal species

49
Q

coevolution

A

when two interacting species reciprocally influence each other’s adaptations over generations

50
Q

commensalism

A

relationship between species wherein one species benefits from the close, prolonged interaction, while the other species neither benefits nor is harmed

51
Q

community

A

populations of different species (heterospecific) within an area and the interactions among them

52
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

no two species within a habitat can coexist when they compete for the same resources at the same place and time

53
Q

distraction display

A

visual display used to distract predators away from a nesting site

54
Q

environmental disturbance

A

change in the environment caused by natural disasters or human activities

55
Q

food chain

A

a single path within a food web

56
Q

food web

A

the feeding relationships among organisms in a community

57
Q

foundation species

A

species which often forms the major structural portion of the habitat

58
Q

fundamental niche

A

theoretical range of environmental conditions that a species can tolerate

59
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between species for resources in a shared habitat or environment

60
Q

keystone species

A

species whose presence is key to maintaining biodiversity in an ecosystem and to upholding an ecological community’s structure

61
Q

Müllerian mimicry

A

type of mimicry where species share warning coloration and all are harmful to predators

62
Q

mutualism

A

symbiotic relationship between two species where both species benefit

63
Q

niche differentiation (resource partitioning)

A

change in resource use caused by competition over generations

64
Q

obligate brood parasite

A

birds that reproduce only by laying eggs in the nests of other species

65
Q

pioneer species

A

first species to appear in primary and secondary succession

66
Q

primary succession

A

succession on land that previously has had no life

67
Q

realized niche

A

portion of the fundamental niche that is actually occupied given limiting factors

68
Q

relative species abundance

A

absolute population size of a particular species relative to the population sizes of other species within the community

69
Q

secondary succession

A

succession in response to environmental disturbances that move a community away from its equilibrium

70
Q

species diversity

A

diversity metric that incorporates both richness and evenness (relative abundance)

71
Q

species richness

A

number of different species in a community

72
Q

symbiosis

A

close interaction between individuals of different species over an extended period of time that impacts the abundance and distribution of the associating populations

73
Q

trophic level

A

the position of an organism in a food chain

74
Q

adaptive radiation

A

speciation when one species radiates to form several other species

75
Q

allopatric speciation

A

speciation that occurs via geographic separation

76
Q

allopatry

A

occurring in different geographic areas

77
Q

behavioral isolation

A

type of reproductive isolation that occurs when a specific behavior or lack of one prevents reproduction from taking place

78
Q

biological species concept

A

species concept based on reproductive isolation

79
Q

dispersal

A

allopatric speciation that occurs when a few members of a species move to a new geographical area

80
Q

divergent evolution

A

process by which groups of organisms evolve in diverse directions from a common point

81
Q

ecological opportunity

A

the availability of ecologically accessible resources that may by evolutionarily exploited

82
Q

fusion

A

upon reconnection, reproductive barriers weaken and the two lineages become one

83
Q

gametic barrier

A

prezygotic barrier occurring when closely related individuals of different species mate, but differences in their gamete cells (eggs and sperm) prevent fertilization from taking place

84
Q

habitat isolation

A

reproductive isolation resulting when species’ populations move or are moved to a new habitat, taking up residence in a place that no longer overlaps with the same species’ other populations

85
Q

hybrid

A

offspring of two closely related individuals, not of the same species

86
Q

hybrid zone

A

area where two closely related species continue to interact and reproduce, forming hybrids

87
Q

monophyletic group (clade)

A

a group that consists of one ancestor and all of its descendants

88
Q

morphological innovation

A

evolution of new morphological trait that allows descendants to exploit new niches

89
Q

morphological species concept

A

species concept based on differences in size, shape, or other morphological attributes

90
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

species concept based on identifying smallest sets of monophyletic groups in a phylogeny

91
Q

phylogeny (phylogenetic tree)

A

representation of the evolutionary relationships among organisms

92
Q

postzygotic barrier

A

reproductive isolation mechanism that occurs AFTER zygote formation

93
Q

prezygotic barrier

A

reproductive isolation mechanism that occurs BEFORE zygote formation

94
Q

reinforcement

A

continued speciation divergence between two related species due to low fitness of hybrids between them

95
Q

reproductive isolation

A

situation that occurs when a species is reproductively independent from other species; behavior, location, or reproductive barriers may cause this to happen

96
Q

speciation

A

formation of a new species

97
Q

species

A

group of populations that interbreed and produce fertile offspring

98
Q

species concept

A

a set of criteria used to define and differentiate species

99
Q

sympatric speciation

A

speciation that occurs in the same geographic space

100
Q

sympatry

A

occurring in the same geographic area

101
Q

temporal isolation

A

differences in breeding schedules that can act as a form of prezygotic barrier leading to reproductive isolation

102
Q

vicariance

A

allopatric speciation that occurs when something in the environment separates organisms of the same species into separate groups

Ecology and Evolution Unit 1 & 2 (12 decks)

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