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Ecology and Evolution Unit 1 & 2 > Unit 1: Climate Change > Flashcards

Unit 1: Climate Change Flashcards

1
Q

Since when has climate reconstructions showed increased temperatures?

A

the end of the Industrial Revolution in about 1840

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2
Q

What are drivers of climate change?

A
  1. Haze-effect cooling
  2. Milankovitch cycles
  3. Changes in solar intensity
  4. Greenhouse effect
  5. Human population
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3
Q

How does the Greenhouse effect work?

A

The trapping of infrared radiation heat from the gases emitted from Earth’s surface. As well as, high-energy solar radiation enters the atmosphere, some is reflected, the rest is absorbed by the Earth’s surface (warming it).

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4
Q

Explain “Keeling Curve”

A

Supervised project by Charles Keeling, where the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has been consistently measured at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii since 1958. It is the longest-running such measurement in the world.

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5
Q

Why is 12C preferably taken up by plants during photosynthesis?

A

12C contains 6 protons and 6 neurons, making it lighter than 13C

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6
Q

plants and animals have a _____ 13C/12C compared to atmosphere.

A

lower

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7
Q

What forms from the remains of dead plants or animals?

A

Hydrocarbons: gas, oil, coal (fossil fuels)

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8
Q

What is Coal?

A

compressed peat

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9
Q

What are Petroleum (oil) & natural gas?

A

the remains of small plant/animal matter compressed by the sea

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10
Q

Does burning fossil fuels release 12C or 13C?

A

12C

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11
Q

What is the main driver of current climate change?

A
  1. an increase of the human population size, along with an increase in per-capita fossil fuel use
  2. results in accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and increased greenhouse effect
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12
Q

What predictions have scientists made about global change?

A
  1. warmer temperatures
  2. increased frequency extreme events (ex: heat waves, heavy precipitation events, extreme high sea levels, droughts)
  3. more intense tropical cyclone activity
  4. increased ocean acidification
  5. increased rates of extinction
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13
Q

When were climate models first developed?

A

mid-1900s

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14
Q

What variables play into modeling future climates?

A

natural laws and greenhouse gas emissions

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15
Q

Has the future climate models been proven very accurate?

A

true

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16
Q

What is a Polar Jet Stream?

A

a strong wind separating cold polar air from relatively warmer temperate air

17
Q

species that are NOT shifting to an earlier flowering time are _______ to be declining

A

more likely

18
Q

What do migratory birds tend to do in the warmer years?

A

they tend to arrive earlier to their breeding grounds, making them more likely to have stable or growing populations

19
Q

Give an example of Community Mismatches.

A

Caribou and plants in Greenland
- plants are shifting faster than caribou can breed
- this leads to the decline in caribou reproduction

20
Q

What are migration barriers?

A

natural (mountains or river) or man-made obstacles, which makes it difficult or impossible for animals to migrate to their necessary habitats

21
Q

What is a Range Shift?

A

changes of the distribution limits of a species, generally along altitudinal or latitudinal gradients

22
Q

What are the generally movements in Range Shifts?

A

movements to higher latitudes or altitudes

23
Q

Does the effect of Range Shifts depend on the species?

A

Yes, Range Shifts may be expansion for some species, but contractions for others

24
Q

What are challenges in Range Shifts?

A
  1. previous suitable climates are no longer inhabitable (as species disperse, population decreases)
  2. previous suitable climates shifts and shorten, meaning the species is specific in what it can live in (decrease in habitat size, decrease in population size)
  3. migration barrier (species may be unable to migrate to new habitat, which decreases population)
  4. limited spiral ability (the species may not be able to disperse into new suitable habitat
  5. critical unknowns
25
Q

Which species does declining habitat size face the most serious threat?

A

most high altitude/latitude species (ex: polar bears in the melting arctic)

26
Q

extinction risks are predicted to _____ as global temperatures rise

A

accerlerate

27
Q

Extinction risks vary among continents, where is most at risk? And why?

A

South America, Australia, & New Zealand
- due to geography, and loss of endemic species with small ranges

28
Q

What are the 3 categories of Mitigation?

A
  1. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions (reducing fossil fuel)
  2. Conserving natural carbon sinks (tropical forests)
  3. Carbon capture and storage (Co2 extracted from atmosphere and put into long-term storage)
29
Q

Phenology

A

?

30
Q

Flowering time

A

?

31
Q

Positive Feedback

A

?

32
Q

New England winters?

A

?

33
Q

Ecological impacts

A

?

Ecology and Evolution Unit 1 & 2 (12 decks)

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