Unit 2 Vocab

Question 1

The variable manipulated by the researcher.

Answer 1

Independent Variable

Question 2

One variable increases as the other decreases- like hours on TikTok & grades.

Answer 2

Negative Correlation

Question 3

A score indicating the percentage of scores in a distribution that a particular score is above.

Answer 3

Percentile Rank

Question 4

Overestimating the accuracy of our knowledge.

Answer 4

Overconfidence

Question 5

Group exposed to the experimental treatment.

Answer 5

Experimental Group

Question 6

Ensuring participant information is kept private.

Answer 6

Confidentiality

Question 7

Specific, precise definitions of variables in terms of the operations or techniques used to measure or manipulate them in a study.

Answer 7

Operational Definitions

Question 8

Capable of being disproven by evidence.

Answer 8

Falsifiable

Question 9

Misleading participants about the true purpose of the study.

Answer 9

Deception

Question 10

Entire group of interest in a study.

Answer 10

Population

Question 11

Testable prediction about the relationship between variables.

Answer 11

Hypothesis

Question 12

Most frequently occurring value in a set of numbers.

Answer 12

Mode

Question 13

Inactive substance given to the control group.

Answer 13

Placebo

Question 14

Tendency to respond to surveys in a way that is viewed favorably by others.

Answer 14

Social Desirability Bias

Question 15

Observing behavior in its natural environment.

Answer 15

Naturalistic Observation

Question 16

Sample that accurately reflects the population.

Answer 16

Representative Sample

Question 17

Repeating a study to verify results.

Answer 17

Replication

Question 18

Only participants are unaware of their group assignment.

Answer 18

Single-Blind Study

Question 19

Neither participants nor researchers know who is in the control or experimental group.

Answer 19

Double-Blind Study

Question 20

Average of a set of numbers.

Answer 20

Mean

Question 21

A distribution where most of the data points are clustered on the left, with a long tail on the right side, indicating that the mean is greater than the median.

Answer 21

Positive Skew

Question 22

Both variables increase together Like ice cream and temperature

Answer 22

Positive Correlation

Question 23

Explaining the purpose and procedures of the study to participants afterward.

Answer 23

Debriefing

Question 24

Group not exposed to the experimental treatment.

Answer 24

Control Group

Question 25

A probability distribution with two different modes, which appear as distinct peaks in the frequency of data points.

Answer 25

Bimodal Distribution

Question 26

Factors other than the independent variable that may affect the outcome.

Answer 26

Confounding Variables

Question 27

Numerical measure of the strength and direction of a relationship.

Answer 27

Correlation Coefficient

Question 28

Researcher’s expectations influence the outcome.

Answer 28

Experimenter Bias

Question 29

Combining results from multiple studies.

Answer 29

Meta-Analysis

Question 30

A quantitative measure of the magnitude of the experimental effect. It helps to understand the practical significance of research findings, beyond just statistical significance.

Answer 30

Effect Sizes

Question 31

Difference between the highest and lowest values.

Answer 31

Range

Question 32

Pre-determined questions asked in a set order.

Answer 32

Structured Interviews

Question 33

Improvement due to the belief in the treatment.

Answer 33

Placebo Effect

Question 34

Participants’ agreement to take part in a study after being informed of the risks.

Answer 34

Informed Consent

Question 34

Selecting participants who are easily accessible to be in the control or experimental group.

Answer 34

Convenience Sampling

Question 34

Applying findings from a sample to the larger population.

Answer 34

Generalizing

Question 35

Non-numerical data collection and analysis.

Answer 35

Qualitative Research

Question 36

Middle value in a set of numbers.

Answer 36

Median

Question 37

Tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions.

Answer 37

Confirmation Bias

Question 38

Relationship between two variables.

Answer 38

Correlation

Question 39

Ensuring participants are not harmed during the study.

Answer 39

Protection for Harm

Question 40

Evaluation of work by others in the same field.

Answer 40

Peer Review

Question 41

Graph showing the correlation between two variables.

Answer 41

Scatter Plot

Question 42

In-depth analysis of an individual or group.

Answer 42

Case-Study

Question 43

Shared expectations and rules guiding behavior of people within social groups.

Answer 43

Cultural Norms

Question 44

Belief that an event was predictable after it has occurred.

Answer 44

Hindsight Bias

Question 45

Numerical data collection and analysis.

Answer 45

Quantitative Research

Question 46

The phenomenon where extreme values on a variable tend to be closer to the average on subsequent measurements, due to random variation.

Answer 46

Regression Towards the Mean

Question 47

Subset of the population studied.

Answer 47

Sample

Question 48

Likelihood that a resulted activity is not from pure chance.

Answer 48

Statistical Significance

Question 49

Measure of variability around the mean.

Answer 49

Standard Deviation

Question 50

Ensuring diverse and accurate inclusion of different groups in research.

Answer 50

Representation of Participants

Question 51

Committee review of research proposals for ethical concerns.

Answer 51

Institutional Review

Question 52

Variable measured to see the effect of the independent variable.

Answer 52

Dependent Variable

Question 53

Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to the control or experimental group.

Answer 53

Random Sampling

Question 54

Randomly placing participants into groups.

Answer 54

Random Assignment

Question 55

Agreement from minors to participate in a study, with parental consent.

Answer 55

Informed Assent

Question 56

A distribution where most of the data points are clustered on the right, with a long tail on the left side, indicating that the mean is less than the median.

Answer 56

Negative Skew

Question 57

Rating scales used to measure attitudes or opinions, typically ranging from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree.”

Answer 57

Likert Scales

Question 58

Symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution.

Answer 58

Normal Curve