Unit 2 Vocab Flashcards
The variable manipulated by the researcher.
Independent Variable
One variable increases as the other decreases- like hours on TikTok & grades.
Negative Correlation
A score indicating the percentage of scores in a distribution that a particular score is above.
Percentile Rank
Overestimating the accuracy of our knowledge.
Overconfidence
Group exposed to the experimental treatment.
Experimental Group
Ensuring participant information is kept private.
Confidentiality
Specific, precise definitions of variables in terms of the operations or techniques used to measure or manipulate them in a study.
Operational Definitions
Capable of being disproven by evidence.
Falsifiable
Misleading participants about the true purpose of the study.
Deception
Entire group of interest in a study.
Population
Testable prediction about the relationship between variables.
Hypothesis
Most frequently occurring value in a set of numbers.
Mode
Inactive substance given to the control group.
Placebo
Tendency to respond to surveys in a way that is viewed favorably by others.
Social Desirability Bias
Observing behavior in its natural environment.
Naturalistic Observation
Sample that accurately reflects the population.
Representative Sample
Repeating a study to verify results.
Replication
Only participants are unaware of their group assignment.
Single-Blind Study
Neither participants nor researchers know who is in the control or experimental group.
Double-Blind Study
Average of a set of numbers.
Mean
A distribution where most of the data points are clustered on the left, with a long tail on the right side, indicating that the mean is greater than the median.
Positive Skew
Both variables increase together Like ice cream and temperature
Positive Correlation
Explaining the purpose and procedures of the study to participants afterward.
Debriefing
Group not exposed to the experimental treatment.
Control Group
A probability distribution with two different modes, which appear as distinct peaks in the frequency of data points.
Bimodal Distribution
Factors other than the independent variable that may affect the outcome.
Confounding Variables
Numerical measure of the strength and direction of a relationship.
Correlation Coefficient
Researcher’s expectations influence the outcome.
Experimenter Bias
Combining results from multiple studies.
Meta-Analysis
A quantitative measure of the magnitude of the experimental effect. It helps to understand the practical significance of research findings, beyond just statistical significance.
Effect Sizes
Difference between the highest and lowest values.
Range
Pre-determined questions asked in a set order.
Structured Interviews
Improvement due to the belief in the treatment.
Placebo Effect
Participants’ agreement to take part in a study after being informed of the risks.
Informed Consent
Selecting participants who are easily accessible to be in the control or experimental group.
Convenience Sampling
Applying findings from a sample to the larger population.
Generalizing
Non-numerical data collection and analysis.
Qualitative Research
Middle value in a set of numbers.
Median
Tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions.
Confirmation Bias
Relationship between two variables.
Correlation
Ensuring participants are not harmed during the study.
Protection for Harm
Evaluation of work by others in the same field.
Peer Review
Graph showing the correlation between two variables.
Scatter Plot
In-depth analysis of an individual or group.
Case-Study
Shared expectations and rules guiding behavior of people within social groups.
Cultural Norms
Belief that an event was predictable after it has occurred.
Hindsight Bias
Numerical data collection and analysis.
Quantitative Research
The phenomenon where extreme values on a variable tend to be closer to the average on subsequent measurements, due to random variation.
Regression Towards the Mean
Subset of the population studied.
Sample
Likelihood that a resulted activity is not from pure chance.
Statistical Significance
Measure of variability around the mean.
Standard Deviation
Ensuring diverse and accurate inclusion of different groups in research.
Representation of Participants
Committee review of research proposals for ethical concerns.
Institutional Review
Variable measured to see the effect of the independent variable.
Dependent Variable
Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to the control or experimental group.
Random Sampling
Randomly placing participants into groups.
Random Assignment
Agreement from minors to participate in a study, with parental consent.
Informed Assent
A distribution where most of the data points are clustered on the right, with a long tail on the left side, indicating that the mean is less than the median.
Negative Skew
Rating scales used to measure attitudes or opinions, typically ranging from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree.”
Likert Scales
Symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution.
Normal Curve
