Unit 2- Unity And Diversity Of Life Flashcards

0
Q

4 Special Properties of Water

A

Cohesion and Adhesion
High SHC
Water Expands as it Freezes
Water is a really good Solvent

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1
Q

Water Bond

A
  • oxygen in the water molecules hogs the shared electrons
    • causes a partial negative charge on oxygen and partial positive charge on hydrogen
    • polar molecule
    • causes water to stick to itself through hydrogen bonds
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2
Q

Cohesion and Adhesion

A

Cohesion- water sticks to water
Adhesion- water sticks to other things

*allows plants to move water up their stems

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3
Q

High Specific Heat Capacity

A

SHC- how much heat has to be put into a substance to make it’s temperature go up

  • water heats up slowly an cools down slowly due to hydrogen bonds holding the molecules back
    • bungee cord running example
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4
Q

How does SHC of water effect life?

A

1) causes oceans to cool to planet
2) makes water a good insulator for our bodies
3) sweating cools our bodies for this reason

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5
Q

Water Expands as it Freezes

A
  • water is densest at 4C
    • when water loses lots of energy, the molecules cannot overcome their attractions to their neighbours on either side and become evenly spaced
  • ensures lakes don’t freeze solid
  • allows for spring and fall turnover to bring O2 down for aquatic life
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6
Q

Solvent and solute

A

Solvent- something that something is dissolved it
Solute- the thing that is dissolved
- when something is dissolved, each atom of the solute is completely surrounded by molecules of the solvent

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7
Q

Water is a really good solvent

A
  • the charges on water are attracted to the charges on a solute
  • provides a medium for all the chemical reactions which maintain/sustain life
  • water can hold the most dissolved things
  • blood is mostly water- carries nutrients and other things needed for life
  • holds dissolved gases for aquatic life
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8
Q

Polar

A

Molecule with differently charged regions

  • mixes with other polar things
  • polar=hydrophilic
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9
Q

Non-Polar

A

Molecules that don’t have differently charged regions

  • mixes with other non- polar things
  • non-polar= hydrophobic
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10
Q

Organic molecules

A

-Carbon based molecules that form living things (CO2 is the exception)
-carbon can bid to up to 4 other things, allowing it to form huge complicated structures
-contain: (CHONPS)
C,H always
O,N often
P,S sometimes

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11
Q

Macromolecules

A

Big Molecules

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12
Q

Polymers

A
A molecule made of a whole bunch of similar small molecules joined together
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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13
Q

Monomers

A
Similar small molecules that form polymers
Monosaccharides
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
Nucleotides
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14
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Literally carbon and water
(CH2O)n
Made of monosaccharides

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15
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose-hexagon, less sweet, metabolizes quickly
Fructose- pentagon, really sweet, found in fruit
Ribose- also a pentagon

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16
Q

Disaccharides

A

Sucrose-glucose and fructose
Maltose- glucose and glucose, produced when plants start to grow
Lactose- glucose and galactose

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17
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

How monosaccharides join together
-OH groups are very reactive; join together with another OH to make water and leaving behind one O which joins them together

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18
Q

Hydrolysis

A

How monosaccharides get separated

-add water which creates the two separate OH groups

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19
Q

Functions of carbohydrates in humans

A

1) Fibre- made of cellulose which we can’t digest- flows out of the body
2) storage of glucose in the form of glycogen (basically starch with branches all over the place)

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20
Q

Glycogen Cycle

A

Normal blood sugar-eat a meal-pancreas increases insulin-sugar stores as glycogen in liver and muscles- normal blood sugar- been a while since a meal- blood sugar drops-pancreas produces glucagon-liver and muscles break down glycogen to release glucose-normal blood sugar

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21
Q

Function of carbohydrates in plants

A

1) use starch to store glucose- starch is a big long chain of glucose
2) cell walls made of cellulose- long chain of glucose but every other glucose is upside down

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22
Q

Function of carbohydrates in fungi and insects

A

1) convert glucose into a similar molecule, which chains together to form chitin
2) chitin forms the cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of insects

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23
Q

Function of carbohydrates in bacteria

A

1) cell walls made of peptidoglycan which is chains of chitin connected by amino acids chains (really strong)
* penecillan breaks apart the amino acids, causing the cell wall to fall apart

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Uses of Lipids
- long term energy storage- stores more energy per molecule than carbs - insulation - protection/cushioning - forming cell membranes
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Structure of Fat
Glycerol backbone plus fatty acid chains |~~~~~~~~ |~~~~~~~~ |~~~~~~~~
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Mono, di, and triglycerides
Mono- one fatty acid chain Di- two fatty acid chains Tri- three fatty acid chains *all non-polar, all saturated fats
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Unsaturated Fats
- have double bonds in the fatty acid chain - puts a kink/bend in the chain - takes up more space, so they tend to be liquid at room temp - saturated fats take up less space (no kinks) so they tend to be solid at room temperature
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Cis Fats
-unsaturated fat -carbons are on the same side of the double bond C C /. \. / C. C=C -Cis double bonds kink the chain, making the carbons on the same side
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Trans fats
- type of unsaturated fat - double bonds don't kink the chain- the carbons are on opposite sides of the chain - not found in nature - only produced through hydrogenation- put cis fats and hydrogen under pressure which breaks some of the double bonds, but makes the rest into trans - found in things that say hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated vegetable oil
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Phospholipids
- fat which has 2 fatty acids (non-polar) and one phosphate group (polar) - allows water (polar) and fats (non-polar) to mix - forms all cell membranes by making a double layer with the tails in - keeps things in and out
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Membrane Permiability
``` What gets through -small, uncharged particles (water, gas) -move by diffusion (movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low concentration) -non-polar molecules (steroids) What can't get through -large or charged molecules ```
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Fluid mosaic
- cell membrane is a fluid membrane - flows (particles move past each other) and made if lots if different things - cell membrane is a fluid; phospholipids move around like the surface of a bubble - cell membrane is made up of proteins, cholesterol and other things
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Endocytosis
- a cell accepting things into it | - phago and pino cytosis
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Pinocytosis
-the cell wants a particle, so it makes a little dip in the membrane to fit the particle, then it folds around, trapping the particle in a vesicle
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Phagocytosis
-the cell reaches out, makes a loop of cell membrane around the particle, and pulls the arm back into the cell, leaving the particle in a vesicle
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Exocytosis
-cell traps a particle in a vesicle, which joins with the cell membrane, which then moves away on the outside, pushing the particle out
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Proteins
Do everything | Monomers are amino acids
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Jobs of a Protein
1) messengers and receptors 2) help fight disease 3) transport materials in/out of cells 4) form structures of bones, skin, hair, nails, teeth 5) enzymes
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Messengers and Receptors
Proteins form the messenger molecules and the receptors which tell the cell to die, divide, or metabolize
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Proteins fighting bacteria
White blood cells (phagocytic leukocytes) have proteins which stick to proteins on bacteria and engulf the bacteria
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Protein fighting viruses
Antibodies- proteins that stick to viral proteins and act as a flag -the virus either kills the cell after making the cell reproduce more viruses or the cell is killed by a cytotoxic T-cell
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Facilitated diffusion
when materials diffuse through a protein channel; different channels for different proteins; takes no energy because things move from areas of high concentration to low concentration
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Active Transport
Protein pumps force materials to go from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration (where it doesn't want to go) using energy
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Collagen
Protein Fibrous, strong, elastic Gives bones some bendiness Allows skin to stretch
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Enzymes
Biological catalysts- they help reactions to happen 1) some help hydrolysis happen- lactase, maltase 2) some help dehydration synthesis- DNA polymerase 3) some help with metabolism/energy production ATP synthase
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Amino Acids
H H. O \. |. // N - C - C /. |. \ H. R. OH -20 different R groups=20 different amino acids -different amino acids chained together in different ways determines the function of the protein
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Attractions between amino acids
Charges attract (+/-) and repel (+/+,-/-) Polarity- polar attracts to polar, non polar to non polar *cause the protein to fold in different ways
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Protein Conformation
The final folded shape of a protein - can reversably change (allows a receptor which received a messenger to change shape to send a message to the inside of the cell) - one sequence of amino acids will always fold in the same conformation
49
Denatured proteins
In extreme heat or PH, proteins denature, or change conformation permanently
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Nucleic Acids
Form our genetic material (contains instructions) - contain protein- making instructions - proteins make us who we are - our differences come in tiny tweaks to the overall protein-making instructions - we pass these protein makin instructions to our kids
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Nucleotides
Made of a phosphate, a 5 sided sugar (ribose of deoxyribose) and a nitrogenous base Adenine, Thymine (DNA), Cytosine, Guanine, Uracit (DNA)
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Nucleotide Joining
-join in chains by dehydration synthesis -stick to each other by hydrogen bonds between hydrogenous bases Base Bonding Rules A-T C-G A-U
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DNA
Sugar is deoxyribose (has one less oxygen than ribose) Has t no u Double stranded Stays in the nucleus
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RNA
Sugar is ribose Has U no T Single stranded Can leave the nucleus
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Central Dogma of Biology
- DNA is in the nucleus (master copy) - RNA is a copy of part of the DNA, which can be sent out to different parts of the cell so they can make proteins (working copy)
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Central Dogma of Biology (ladder version)
DNA-> transcription (writing down from the same chemical language) -> RNA -> translation (writing down from a different chemical language) -> protein
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Chemical
Anything made of atoms