Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Unit 2- Unity And Diversity Of Life > Flashcards

Unit 2- Unity And Diversity Of Life Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

4 Special Properties of Water

A

Cohesion and Adhesion
High SHC
Water Expands as it Freezes
Water is a really good Solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Water Bond

A
  • oxygen in the water molecules hogs the shared electrons
    • causes a partial negative charge on oxygen and partial positive charge on hydrogen
    • polar molecule
    • causes water to stick to itself through hydrogen bonds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cohesion and Adhesion

A

Cohesion- water sticks to water
Adhesion- water sticks to other things

*allows plants to move water up their stems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

High Specific Heat Capacity

A

SHC- how much heat has to be put into a substance to make it’s temperature go up

  • water heats up slowly an cools down slowly due to hydrogen bonds holding the molecules back
    • bungee cord running example
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does SHC of water effect life?

A

1) causes oceans to cool to planet
2) makes water a good insulator for our bodies
3) sweating cools our bodies for this reason

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Water Expands as it Freezes

A
  • water is densest at 4C
    • when water loses lots of energy, the molecules cannot overcome their attractions to their neighbours on either side and become evenly spaced
  • ensures lakes don’t freeze solid
  • allows for spring and fall turnover to bring O2 down for aquatic life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Solvent and solute

A

Solvent- something that something is dissolved it
Solute- the thing that is dissolved
- when something is dissolved, each atom of the solute is completely surrounded by molecules of the solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Water is a really good solvent

A
  • the charges on water are attracted to the charges on a solute
  • provides a medium for all the chemical reactions which maintain/sustain life
  • water can hold the most dissolved things
  • blood is mostly water- carries nutrients and other things needed for life
  • holds dissolved gases for aquatic life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Polar

A

Molecule with differently charged regions

  • mixes with other polar things
  • polar=hydrophilic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Non-Polar

A

Molecules that don’t have differently charged regions

  • mixes with other non- polar things
  • non-polar= hydrophobic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Organic molecules

A

-Carbon based molecules that form living things (CO2 is the exception)
-carbon can bid to up to 4 other things, allowing it to form huge complicated structures
-contain: (CHONPS)
C,H always
O,N often
P,S sometimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Macromolecules

A

Big Molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Polymers

A 
A molecule made of a whole bunch of similar small molecules joined together
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Monomers

A 
Similar small molecules that form polymers
Monosaccharides
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
Nucleotides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Literally carbon and water
(CH2O)n
Made of monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose-hexagon, less sweet, metabolizes quickly
Fructose- pentagon, really sweet, found in fruit
Ribose- also a pentagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Disaccharides

A

Sucrose-glucose and fructose
Maltose- glucose and glucose, produced when plants start to grow
Lactose- glucose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

How monosaccharides join together
-OH groups are very reactive; join together with another OH to make water and leaving behind one O which joins them together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hydrolysis

A

How monosaccharides get separated

-add water which creates the two separate OH groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Functions of carbohydrates in humans

A

1) Fibre- made of cellulose which we can’t digest- flows out of the body
2) storage of glucose in the form of glycogen (basically starch with branches all over the place)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Glycogen Cycle

A

Normal blood sugar-eat a meal-pancreas increases insulin-sugar stores as glycogen in liver and muscles- normal blood sugar- been a while since a meal- blood sugar drops-pancreas produces glucagon-liver and muscles break down glycogen to release glucose-normal blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Function of carbohydrates in plants

A

1) use starch to store glucose- starch is a big long chain of glucose
2) cell walls made of cellulose- long chain of glucose but every other glucose is upside down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Function of carbohydrates in fungi and insects

A

1) convert glucose into a similar molecule, which chains together to form chitin
2) chitin forms the cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Function of carbohydrates in bacteria

A

1) cell walls made of peptidoglycan which is chains of chitin connected by amino acids chains (really strong)
* penecillan breaks apart the amino acids, causing the cell wall to fall apart

24
Q

Uses of Lipids

A
  • long term energy storage- stores more energy per molecule than carbs
  • insulation
  • protection/cushioning
  • forming cell membranes
25
Q

Structure of Fat

A

Glycerol backbone plus fatty acid chains
|~~~~~~~~
|~~~~~~~~
|~~~~~~~~

26
Q

Mono, di, and triglycerides

A

Mono- one fatty acid chain
Di- two fatty acid chains
Tri- three fatty acid chains
*all non-polar, all saturated fats

27
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A
  • have double bonds in the fatty acid chain
  • puts a kink/bend in the chain
  • takes up more space, so they tend to be liquid at room temp
  • saturated fats take up less space (no kinks) so they tend to be solid at room temperature
28
Q

Cis Fats

A

-unsaturated fat
-carbons are on the same side of the double bond
C C
/. . /
C. C=C
-Cis double bonds kink the chain, making the carbons on the same side

29
Q

Trans fats

A
  • type of unsaturated fat
  • double bonds don’t kink the chain- the carbons are on opposite sides of the chain
  • not found in nature
  • only produced through hydrogenation- put cis fats and hydrogen under pressure which breaks some of the double bonds, but makes the rest into trans
  • found in things that say hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated vegetable oil
30
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • fat which has 2 fatty acids (non-polar) and one phosphate group (polar)
  • allows water (polar) and fats (non-polar) to mix
  • forms all cell membranes by making a double layer with the tails in
  • keeps things in and out
31
Q

Membrane Permiability

A 
What gets through
-small, uncharged particles (water, gas)
-move by diffusion (movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low concentration)
-non-polar molecules (steroids)
What can't get through
-large or charged molecules
32
Q

Fluid mosaic

A
  • cell membrane is a fluid membrane
  • flows (particles move past each other) and made if lots if different things
  • cell membrane is a fluid; phospholipids move around like the surface of a bubble
  • cell membrane is made up of proteins, cholesterol and other things
33
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • a cell accepting things into it

- phago and pino cytosis

34
Q

Pinocytosis

A

-the cell wants a particle, so it makes a little dip in the membrane to fit the particle, then it folds around, trapping the particle in a vesicle

35
Q

Phagocytosis

A

-the cell reaches out, makes a loop of cell membrane around the particle, and pulls the arm back into the cell, leaving the particle in a vesicle

36
Q

Exocytosis

A

-cell traps a particle in a vesicle, which joins with the cell membrane, which then moves away on the outside, pushing the particle out

37
Q

Proteins

A

Do everything

Monomers are amino acids

38
Q

Jobs of a Protein

A

1) messengers and receptors
2) help fight disease
3) transport materials in/out of cells
4) form structures of bones, skin, hair, nails, teeth
5) enzymes

39
Q

Messengers and Receptors

A

Proteins form the messenger molecules and the receptors which tell the cell to die, divide, or metabolize

40
Q

Proteins fighting bacteria

A

White blood cells (phagocytic leukocytes) have proteins which stick to proteins on bacteria and engulf the bacteria

41
Q

Protein fighting viruses

A

Antibodies- proteins that stick to viral proteins and act as a flag
-the virus either kills the cell after making the cell reproduce more viruses or the cell is killed by a cytotoxic T-cell

42
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

when materials diffuse through a protein channel; different channels for different proteins; takes no energy because things move from areas of high concentration to low concentration

43
Q

Active Transport

A

Protein pumps force materials to go from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration (where it doesn’t want to go) using energy

44
Q

Collagen

A

Protein
Fibrous, strong, elastic
Gives bones some bendiness
Allows skin to stretch

45
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts- they help reactions to happen

1) some help hydrolysis happen- lactase, maltase
2) some help dehydration synthesis- DNA polymerase
3) some help with metabolism/energy production ATP synthase

46
Q

Amino Acids

A

H H. O
. |. //
N - C - C
/. |. \
H. R. OH
-20 different R groups=20 different amino acids
-different amino acids chained together in different ways determines the function of the protein

47
Q

Attractions between amino acids

A

Charges attract (+/-) and repel (+/+,-/-)
Polarity- polar attracts to polar, non polar to non polar
*cause the protein to fold in different ways

48
Q

Protein Conformation

A

The final folded shape of a protein

  • can reversably change (allows a receptor which received a messenger to change shape to send a message to the inside of the cell)
  • one sequence of amino acids will always fold in the same conformation
49
Q

Denatured proteins

A

In extreme heat or PH, proteins denature, or change conformation permanently

50
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Form our genetic material (contains instructions)

  • contain protein- making instructions
  • proteins make us who we are
  • our differences come in tiny tweaks to the overall protein-making instructions
  • we pass these protein makin instructions to our kids
51
Q

Nucleotides

A

Made of a phosphate, a 5 sided sugar (ribose of deoxyribose) and a nitrogenous base
Adenine, Thymine (DNA), Cytosine, Guanine, Uracit (DNA)

52
Q

Nucleotide Joining

A

-join in chains by dehydration synthesis
-stick to each other by hydrogen bonds between hydrogenous bases
Base Bonding Rules
A-T
C-G
A-U

53
Q

DNA

A

Sugar is deoxyribose (has one less oxygen than ribose)
Has t no u
Double stranded
Stays in the nucleus

54
Q

RNA

A

Sugar is ribose
Has U no T
Single stranded
Can leave the nucleus

55
Q

Central Dogma of Biology

A
  • DNA is in the nucleus (master copy)
  • RNA is a copy of part of the DNA, which can be sent out to different parts of the cell so they can make proteins (working copy)
56
Q

Central Dogma of Biology (ladder version)

A

DNA-> transcription (writing down from the same chemical language) -> RNA -> translation (writing down from a different chemical language) -> protein

57
Q

Chemical

A

Anything made of atoms

Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions