Molecular Genetics Flashcards
Somatic cells
Diploid
All other cells
Sex cells
Gametes
Haploid
Sperm/egg
Mitosis produces…
… 2 identical diploid cells
Meiosis produces….
… 4 unique haploid cells
DNA replications
DNAP sticks to DNA
DNAP unzips the DNA
Free floating nucleotides bind to exposed bases
DNAP joins the backbones of the newly stuck nucleotides
Semi conservative
Each new molecule of DNA contains an old and new strand
Conservative
A whole new strand of DNA is created separate from the old strand
Dispersive
Parts of the old strand join with parts of a new strand
Mutations
Happens when DNA is copied
About 1/1 million bases is wrong
Error checkin proteins fix the vast majority of mistakes
Transcription
RNAP bonds to DNA at a promoter
RNAP unzips a tiny part of the DNA and begins to move along the DNA
Free floating RNA nucleotides bind to exposed DNA bases
RNA nucleotides bond to each other
RNAP rezips the DNA and the new RNA detaches
When the RNAP reaches a stop codon, it releases the RNA
mRNA
Messenger RNA
Carries the protein recipe
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA
What ribosomes are made of
tRNA
Transfer RNA
Brings the appropriate amino acid to match up with an mRNA codon
mRNA codon
A group of 3 mRNA bases that codes for the addition of a particular amino acid to a protein
tRNA anticodon
3 tRNA bases that stick to a codon
Substitution Mutations
Replace a letter with a wrong letter
Insertion mutation
Add an extra letter
Frameshift mutation
Deletion mutation
Remove a letter
Frame shift mutation
Alleles
Genes that code for the same protein but are slightly different
5 Fingers of Evolution
Small population size Non random mating Mutation Gene flow Natural selection
Small population size
A disaster that reduces population causes instant evolution
Chance genetic events lead to significant change
Non-random mating
When people decide that some traits are more attractive, individuals with that trait will become more common
Mutation
If new alleles are introduced, the genetic makeup of the population has changed
Gene flow
Movement of individuals in and out of populations
Natural selection finger
The only one which results in adaptation
Nature gives a thumbs up or thumbs up on new adaptations
Artificial selection
Process by which humans select traits through breeding
Natural selection define
Mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial heritable traits produce more offspring than other individuals, causing the beneficial traits to become more common
Heritability
The ability of a trait to be passed down
A trait is only beneficial if it helps you reproduce more
Theory of Natural Selection
Variation
Overproduction
Adaptation
Descent with modification
Variation
A natural difference in a population, caused by mutation
Overproduction
There must be too many animals for the environment to support
Adaptation
The trait must have some sort of advantage
Descent with modification
The trait must continue to passed Down through the generations
