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Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Nucleus

A

Stores genetic material

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1
Q

Cytoskeleton

A 
Supports and shapes the cell
Helps position and transport organelles
Provides strength
Assists in cell division
Aids in cell movement
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2
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A 
Lipid synthesis
Storage of ions
Folding of proteins
Vesicle formation
Rough and smooth
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3
Q

Ribosomes

A

Link amino acids to form proteins

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4
Q

Vesicles

A

Membrane bound sacs that hold materials and transport materials

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5
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Sorts, packages, and ships proteins to their destination

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6
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Supply the energy to the cell

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7
Q

Vacuole

A

Fluid filled sacs that holds material- like stationary vesicle

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8
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains enzymes to digest material; like a garbage truck

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9
Q

Centrioles

A

Help divide DNA, form cilia and flagella

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10
Q

Cell Wall

A

Provides rigid support

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11
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Convert solar energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis

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12
Q

Why are cells small?

A

The Lower the surface area to volume ratio, the less it interacts with it’s environment
Volume (therefore their demand for energy) increases faster than the surface area (their ability I get energy)

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13
Q

Application of surface area to volume ratio

A

Animals in the arctic are bigger which minimizes their interaction with the cold
Inner wall of intestine is wrinkled to absorb more nutrient

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14
Q

Bowmans Capsule

A

Water, salts, glucose, amino acids, an small proteins diffuse through holes in the blood vessels of the glomerulus into Bowmans capsule
-about 20% of the bloods volume will leave, 80-90% will come back

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15
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A
  • has protein pumps (active transport) transport ions back into the blood
  • some other ions flow back through channels (facilitated diffusion)
  • water follows the ions back into te blood (osmosis)
  • all the glucose gets pumped back into the blood
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16
Q

Loop of Henle

A
  • In the ascending limb, salts are pumped out, making the surroundings hypertonic
  • then water moves out by diffusion
  • then more salts leave by facilitated diffusion
  • any salts that didn’t go through facilitated diffusion are pumped out- the cycle resumes
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17
Q

Interphase

A

Largest phase of the cell cycle

Many cells don’t leave this stage

18
Q

G1

A

Growth 1

Cells grow, do their jobs, and at the end stops and waits for a signal

19
Q

S

A

Synthesis- cell replicates it’s DNA, prepares for division, then stops for another signal

20
Q

G2

A

Growth 2

Gets bigger than normal in preparations for division

21
Q

Mitosis

A 
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
-dividing the assets of the cell
22
Q

Cytokenesis

A

Cell splits in 2

23
Q

Chromatin

A

Unclimbed DNA- found in interphase

24
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA that is super clumped togeter
Found in mitosis
-23 in humans, 46 when it is ready to divide
-the same genetic information is found on the same spot on the chromosome of each human

25
Q

Karyotype

A

A picture of someone’s chromosomes
1-22 are arranged by size- if they are about the same size, the higher centromere gets the higher number
23 is the sex chromosome

26
Q

Diploid

A

Organisms which have 2 of each chromosomes, one from mom and one from dad
2n

27
Q

Haploid

A

Organisms who have one of each chromosome

N

28
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Contain the same DNA but say different things

ie brown and blonde hair

29
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Identical chromatids joined by a centromere

30
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosomes that aren’t sex chromosomes

-each human has the genes on Autosomes

31
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Determines gender

32
Q

Prophase

A
  • DNA condenses from chromatin into chromosomes
  • nucleus breaks apart
  • centrioles move to opposite sides of cell
33
Q

Metaphase

A
  • chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell

- centrioles produce spindle fibres that attach to the centromeres

34
Q

Anaphase

A
  • spindle fibers contract, pulling the chromatids apart

- pulls them to opposite ends of the cell

35
Q

Telophase

A
  • 2 nuclei form around the two groups of DNA

- the cell splits

36
Q

Cancer

A
  • a disease of the cell cycle- they do not wait for instructions and begin to reproduce uncontrollably
  • cancer cells are immortal because they have no limit on the amount of times they can divide
37
Q

Why are tumours formed?

A

-cancer cells divide uncontrollably, filling the area and making a clump

38
Q

Malignant vs Non

A

Malignant (cancerous)- tumour can break apart and spread to other parts of the body

39
Q

What are stem cells?

A
  • cells that can become any type of cell
  • undifferentiated or unspecialized cells
  • often take on the cell type of their neighbours
40
Q

Embryonic Stem cells

A

The cells in an embryo which will form all the tissues in a new babies body

41
Q

Adult stem cells

A
  • give rise to new cells in a persons body
  • these don’t have a cell division limit
  • can only become certain types of cells
42
Q

Stem Cell Research

A
  1. Human cloning, where they take stem cells from a living animal and use them to create it’s exact clone
  2. Burns- if you could apply stem cells to a burn, could they become like the cells around them?

Biology (5 decks)

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