Cells

Question 0

Nucleus

Answer 0

Stores genetic material

Question 1

Cytoskeleton

Answer 1

Supports and shapes the cell
Helps position and transport organelles
Provides strength
Assists in cell division
Aids in cell movement

Question 2

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 2

Lipid synthesis
Storage of ions
Folding of proteins
Vesicle formation
Rough and smooth

Question 3

Ribosomes

Answer 3

Link amino acids to form proteins

Question 4

Vesicles

Answer 4

Membrane bound sacs that hold materials and transport materials

Question 5

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 5

Sorts, packages, and ships proteins to their destination

Question 6

Mitochondrion

Answer 6

Supply the energy to the cell

Question 7

Vacuole

Answer 7

Fluid filled sacs that holds material- like stationary vesicle

Question 8

Lysosome

Answer 8

Contains enzymes to digest material; like a garbage truck

Question 9

Centrioles

Answer 9

Help divide DNA, form cilia and flagella

Question 10

Cell Wall

Answer 10

Provides rigid support

Question 11

Chloroplasts

Answer 11

Convert solar energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis

Question 12

Why are cells small?

Answer 12

The Lower the surface area to volume ratio, the less it interacts with it’s environment
Volume (therefore their demand for energy) increases faster than the surface area (their ability I get energy)

Question 13

Application of surface area to volume ratio

Answer 13

Animals in the arctic are bigger which minimizes their interaction with the cold
Inner wall of intestine is wrinkled to absorb more nutrient

Question 14

Bowmans Capsule

Answer 14

Water, salts, glucose, amino acids, an small proteins diffuse through holes in the blood vessels of the glomerulus into Bowmans capsule
-about 20% of the bloods volume will leave, 80-90% will come back

Question 15

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Answer 15

• has protein pumps (active transport) transport ions back into the blood
• some other ions flow back through channels (facilitated diffusion)
• water follows the ions back into te blood (osmosis)
• all the glucose gets pumped back into the blood

Question 16

Loop of Henle

Answer 16

• In the ascending limb, salts are pumped out, making the surroundings hypertonic
• then water moves out by diffusion
• then more salts leave by facilitated diffusion
• any salts that didn’t go through facilitated diffusion are pumped out- the cycle resumes

Question 17

Interphase

Answer 17

Largest phase of the cell cycle

Many cells don’t leave this stage

Question 18

G1

Answer 18

Growth 1

Cells grow, do their jobs, and at the end stops and waits for a signal

Question 19

S

Answer 19

Synthesis- cell replicates it’s DNA, prepares for division, then stops for another signal

Question 20

G2

Answer 20

Growth 2

Gets bigger than normal in preparations for division

Question 21

Mitosis

Answer 21

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
-dividing the assets of the cell

Question 22

Cytokenesis

Answer 22

Cell splits in 2

Question 23

Chromatin

Answer 23

Unclimbed DNA- found in interphase

Question 24

Chromosomes

Answer 24

DNA that is super clumped togeter Found in mitosis -23 in humans, 46 when it is ready to divide -the same genetic information is found on the same spot on the chromosome of each human

Question 25

Karyotype

Answer 25

A picture of someone's chromosomes 1-22 are arranged by size- if they are about the same size, the higher centromere gets the higher number 23 is the sex chromosome

Question 26

Diploid

Answer 26

Organisms which have 2 of each chromosomes, one from mom and one from dad 2n

Question 27

Haploid

Answer 27

Organisms who have one of each chromosome | N

Question 28

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 28

Contain the same DNA but say different things | ie brown and blonde hair

Question 29

Sister Chromatids

Answer 29

Identical chromatids joined by a centromere

Question 30

Autosomes

Answer 30

Chromosomes that aren't sex chromosomes | -each human has the genes on Autosomes

Question 31

Sex chromosomes

Answer 31

Determines gender

Question 32

Prophase

Answer 32

- DNA condenses from chromatin into chromosomes - nucleus breaks apart - centrioles move to opposite sides of cell

Question 33

Metaphase

Answer 33

- chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell | - centrioles produce spindle fibres that attach to the centromeres

Question 34

Anaphase

Answer 34

- spindle fibers contract, pulling the chromatids apart | - pulls them to opposite ends of the cell

Question 35

Telophase

Answer 35

- 2 nuclei form around the two groups of DNA | - the cell splits

Question 36

Cancer

Answer 36

- a disease of the cell cycle- they do not wait for instructions and begin to reproduce uncontrollably - cancer cells are immortal because they have no limit on the amount of times they can divide

Question 37

Why are tumours formed?

Answer 37

-cancer cells divide uncontrollably, filling the area and making a clump

Question 38

Malignant vs Non

Answer 38

Malignant (cancerous)- tumour can break apart and spread to other parts of the body

Question 39

What are stem cells?

Answer 39

- cells that can become any type of cell - undifferentiated or unspecialized cells - often take on the cell type of their neighbours

Question 40

Embryonic Stem cells

Answer 40

The cells in an embryo which will form all the tissues in a new babies body

Question 41

Adult stem cells

Answer 41

- give rise to new cells in a persons body - these don't have a cell division limit - can only become certain types of cells

Question 42

Stem Cell Research

Answer 42

1. Human cloning, where they take stem cells from a living animal and use them to create it's exact clone 2. Burns- if you could apply stem cells to a burn, could they become like the cells around them?