Cells Flashcards
Nucleus
Stores genetic material
Cytoskeleton
Supports and shapes the cell Helps position and transport organelles Provides strength Assists in cell division Aids in cell movement
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lipid synthesis Storage of ions Folding of proteins Vesicle formation Rough and smooth
Ribosomes
Link amino acids to form proteins
Vesicles
Membrane bound sacs that hold materials and transport materials
Golgi Apparatus
Sorts, packages, and ships proteins to their destination
Mitochondrion
Supply the energy to the cell
Vacuole
Fluid filled sacs that holds material- like stationary vesicle
Lysosome
Contains enzymes to digest material; like a garbage truck
Centrioles
Help divide DNA, form cilia and flagella
Cell Wall
Provides rigid support
Chloroplasts
Convert solar energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis
Why are cells small?
The Lower the surface area to volume ratio, the less it interacts with it’s environment
Volume (therefore their demand for energy) increases faster than the surface area (their ability I get energy)
Application of surface area to volume ratio
Animals in the arctic are bigger which minimizes their interaction with the cold
Inner wall of intestine is wrinkled to absorb more nutrient
Bowmans Capsule
Water, salts, glucose, amino acids, an small proteins diffuse through holes in the blood vessels of the glomerulus into Bowmans capsule
-about 20% of the bloods volume will leave, 80-90% will come back
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
- has protein pumps (active transport) transport ions back into the blood
- some other ions flow back through channels (facilitated diffusion)
- water follows the ions back into te blood (osmosis)
- all the glucose gets pumped back into the blood
Loop of Henle
- In the ascending limb, salts are pumped out, making the surroundings hypertonic
- then water moves out by diffusion
- then more salts leave by facilitated diffusion
- any salts that didn’t go through facilitated diffusion are pumped out- the cycle resumes
Interphase
Largest phase of the cell cycle
Many cells don’t leave this stage
G1
Growth 1
Cells grow, do their jobs, and at the end stops and waits for a signal
S
Synthesis- cell replicates it’s DNA, prepares for division, then stops for another signal
G2
Growth 2
Gets bigger than normal in preparations for division
Mitosis
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase -dividing the assets of the cell
Cytokenesis
Cell splits in 2
Chromatin
Unclimbed DNA- found in interphase
Chromosomes
DNA that is super clumped togeter
Found in mitosis
-23 in humans, 46 when it is ready to divide
-the same genetic information is found on the same spot on the chromosome of each human
Karyotype
A picture of someone’s chromosomes
1-22 are arranged by size- if they are about the same size, the higher centromere gets the higher number
23 is the sex chromosome
Diploid
Organisms which have 2 of each chromosomes, one from mom and one from dad
2n
Haploid
Organisms who have one of each chromosome
N
Homologous Chromosomes
Contain the same DNA but say different things
ie brown and blonde hair
Sister Chromatids
Identical chromatids joined by a centromere
Autosomes
Chromosomes that aren’t sex chromosomes
-each human has the genes on Autosomes
Sex chromosomes
Determines gender
Prophase
- DNA condenses from chromatin into chromosomes
- nucleus breaks apart
- centrioles move to opposite sides of cell
Metaphase
- chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell
- centrioles produce spindle fibres that attach to the centromeres
Anaphase
- spindle fibers contract, pulling the chromatids apart
- pulls them to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase
- 2 nuclei form around the two groups of DNA
- the cell splits
Cancer
- a disease of the cell cycle- they do not wait for instructions and begin to reproduce uncontrollably
- cancer cells are immortal because they have no limit on the amount of times they can divide
Why are tumours formed?
-cancer cells divide uncontrollably, filling the area and making a clump
Malignant vs Non
Malignant (cancerous)- tumour can break apart and spread to other parts of the body
What are stem cells?
- cells that can become any type of cell
- undifferentiated or unspecialized cells
- often take on the cell type of their neighbours
Embryonic Stem cells
The cells in an embryo which will form all the tissues in a new babies body
Adult stem cells
- give rise to new cells in a persons body
- these don’t have a cell division limit
- can only become certain types of cells
Stem Cell Research
- Human cloning, where they take stem cells from a living animal and use them to create it’s exact clone
- Burns- if you could apply stem cells to a burn, could they become like the cells around them?
