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biology > UNIT 2 TOTAL > Flashcards

UNIT 2 TOTAL Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

CLASSIFICATION

A

THE ARRANGEMENT OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS INTO THEIR TAXONOMIC GROUPS BASED ON THEIR OBSERVED SIMILARITIES

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2
Q

TAXONOMIC

A

THE STUDY AND NAMING OF BIORGANISMS BASED ON SHARED CHARECTARISTICS

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3
Q

HOW ARE ORGANISMS CLASSIFIED

A

BY HEIR MOST COMMON ANCESTORS

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4
Q

TENTATIVE CLASSIFICATION

A

CONCLUSIONS ARE BASED ON CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND CAN BE UPDATED ONCE NEW INFORMATION IS FOUND

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5
Q

PHYLOGENETICS

A

DETERMINING RELATIONSHIPS SHOW IN A PHYLOGENETIC TREE

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6
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE DOMAINS

A

BACTERIA, ARCHEA, EUKARYOTA

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7
Q

WHAT ARE THE FIVE KINGDOMS

A

PROKARYOTA, PROCTISTA, FUNGI, PLANTAE, ANIMALIA

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8
Q

HOW AE ORGANISMS PLACED INTO DOMAINS

A

DNA SEQUENCING

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9
Q

SIZE RANGE F EUKARYOTIC CELLS

A

0.5-5 YM

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10
Q

WHAT ARE FUNGI CELL WALLS MADE UP OF

A

CHITIN

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11
Q

WHAT IS SAPROTRPHIC NUTRITION

A

TYPE OF HETEROTROPIC FEEDING IN WHICH THE ORGANISM EEDS ON DEAD/DECAYING ORGANIC MATTER

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12
Q

HETEROTROPIC ORGANISM

A

AN ORGANISM WHICH CANNOT PRODUCE ITS OWN FOOD SOURCE

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13
Q

EXTREMEOPHILES

A

BACTERIA THAT ARE FOUND IN EXTREME HABITATES EX. TEMP/pH/ SLAINITY

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14
Q

role of capillaries in gas exchange

A

pores permeable to water

small diameter to slow the flow of blood and increase time for diffusion

single cell layer for shortndiffusion distance

smooth inner surface for a smooth flow

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15
Q

what does an increase in other things in the tissue fluid lead to

A

decrease in water potential so leas water would move into capillaries by osmosis and fluod would build up causing odemia (swelling)

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16
Q

shape of an oxygen dissociacion curve graph

A

sigmoid (s shaped)

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17
Q

why is it harder to get the 4th molecule of oxygen to associate

A

becuse the gradient is less steep so an increase on p(O2) is needed to bing the 4th molecule

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18
Q

how is a root hair cell adapted for absorption

A

large surface area for more absorption of water by osmosis

thin cell wall means shorter diffusion pathway

lots of mitochondria for atp synthesis

lots of chanel proteins for activr transport

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19
Q

transpiration system

A

mineral ions into RHC by active transport. decreases wayer potential in RHC

water then moves INTO RHC by osmosis

wayer then enters xylem and moves up it.

water moves from xylem to mesophyll cells in leaf

water evaporates into air spaces

as water potential is lower here, water VAPOUR diffuses thrpugh the stomata into the air

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20
Q

apoplast pathway

A

mass flow through plant cell wall

21
Q

symplast pathway

A

osmosis through cytoplasm and plasmodesmata

22
Q

vacuolar pathway

A

similar to symplast but can enter vacuoles too

23
Q

why is the water forced to travel through the symplast pathway once it reaxher the endodermis

A

because the casparian strip which is present there is water proof meanjng the apoplast pathway is blocked

24
Q

how to identify endodermis

A

look for casparian strip ( looks like choco bars kinda)

25
Q

what is the casparian strip made of

A

suberin

26
Q

what is transpiration

A

the loss of water through evaporation in a plant

27
Q

describe root pressure theory

A

endodermis actively transportsierals into xylem vessels so water potential in xylem is lowered. so water moves into xylem by osmosis which creates a HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE which pushes the water up the root into the stem

ONLY WORKS OVER SHPRT DISTANCES

28
Q

describe capillary/adhesion theory

A

xylem is hydrophilic do water molecules adhere (stick) to the xylem walls. causes water to move up by capillary action. thinner the plant the higher tje eater will clibe but only works in short plants

29
Q

transpiration

A

the loss of water vapour through the stomata down a water potential gradient

30
Q

3 processes in transpiration

A

osmosis.
water evaps from cell surface and vapourncollects in large air spaces to water vapour potential rises. when higher than the air outside plant, water vapour will diffuse out of stomata through uderside of leaves.

31
Q

why is traspiration useful

A

contains minerals in wayer

water is required for photosymthesis

water keeps cells turgid

the evaportation of water cools down the plant

32
Q

MUST MAKE SURE TO HAVE CONTINUOUS COLUMN OF WATER FOR A POTOMETER

A

!!

33
Q

function of phloem

A

transport orgamic matertials up and down the plant

34
Q

translocation

A

movement of soluble organic substances up and down the plant EX SUCROSE

35
Q

ringing experiment

A

bulge occurs bc sucrose is trapped. so once sucrose below the ring runs out the tree. will not be ablento use itnfor growth and respiration

36
Q

features of exchange surfaces

A

large surface area

thin barrierethod of maintaining a steep conc grad

permeable to respiratory gases

37
Q

why are most exchange sys located inside orgamism

A

delicate and require protection

38
Q

why is a large sa:vol ratio bad

A

because it increases thebtinebtakes for agaes to diffuse and it would be inefficient to supple oxygen to muscles

39
Q

what must the skin be like in gaseous exchenge

A

moist

40
Q

advantages of tracheal sys

A

fast

oxygen is supplied diractly to tissue

41
Q

disadvamtages of tracheal sys

A

size is limited

42
Q

ventilation in gills

A

nouth opens buccal cavity lowers

volume of buccal cavity increases and pressure is lowered

mouth closes and buccal cavity contracts and raises

water forced across gills

pressure increases in gill cavity and operculum is forced open

43
Q

why is a counter current flow mechanism used in fish

A

to maintain a conc gradient as blood will meet the water with a higher oxygen conc do equilibrium is never pbserved
so water is forced by pressure changes

44
Q

why is a parallel flowechanism suck

A

if water flows in same direction as the blood equlibrium will eventually be observed.

45
Q

why does the trachea have a c shaped cartilage

A

to support and provide slight movement

46
Q

ventilation in body of human

A

intercostal muscle contracts so ribcage expands so the volume increses

pleural membeane is pulled out and its pressure is reduced

inner pleural membrane pullsnon the lungs which expands the alveoli so its pressure lowers

so air moves in when the alveolar pressure is lower that the atmospheric pressure

47
Q

plants adapted for photosynthesis how?

A

large surfaxe area to catch as muuch light as possible

thin to allow the light to penetrate the leaf

air spaces in the spongy mesophyll allow CO2 to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

elongates palisade cells to accommodate for a larger nber of them

transparent cuticle and epidermis to allow the light to pass through

48
Q

malate theory

A

in the light chloroplasts in guard cells photosynthesis to produce ATP which provides energy for k+ to be transported into the cell from epidermal cells

stored starch is converted into malate ions

the k+ and malate ions reduce the water potential inside the cells so water moves in by osmosis.

the cell walls of the guard cells are thicker on one side so they swell up and curve like a c shape. the two thickened walls face each other and create a stoma

the opposide haplens in the dark

biology (15 decks)

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