Unit 2: Topic 3: The USA and the Cold War Flashcards
What was Eisenhowers key election policy also to do with foriegn policy?
K1C2
When did Eisenhower visit Korea?
December 1952
Who was reluctant for Eisenhower to withdraw from Korea?
- Syngman Rhee
- Dulles
- Nixon
How long did Eisenhower negotiate with China and Korea?
7 months
When was the Armistice in Korea signed?
July 1953
Where was Korea divided after the Korean War?
38th Parallel
When did China bomb Quemoy and Matsu?
September 1954
When did Eisenhower secure the Formosa resolution?
January 1955
How many members of Congress voted for the Formosa Resolution?
488/494
When did China stop bombing Quemoy and Matsu?
May 1955
When did Quemoy and Matsu get invaded again?
1958
When was Dien Bien Phu?
1954
When did peace talks begin in Geneva over Vietnam and what was this called?
- The Geneva Conference
- May 1954
Who was the leader of the rebellion against the French in Vietnam?
Ho Chi Minh
Who were the key key members of SEATO?
- France
- US
- Britain
- Australia
- New Zealand
- Other South East Asian Countries.
When were the Geneva Accords signed?
July 1954
When was Vietnam supposed to be reunified by under the Geneva accords?
June 1956
Who was the corrupt leader of Vietnam installed by Eisenhower?
Ngo Dinh Diem
How much aid and advisors did Eisenhower give Diem by when?
- 1961
- $7 billion
- 1,000 American advisors
How much of the vote did Ngo Dinh Diem win in fraudulent elections?
98% of the vote
What organisation was founded that wanted to overthrow the South Vietnamese Government and when?
- National Liberation Front.
- 1960
When was CENTO created?
1955.
What treaty organisation was set up in South East Asia?
SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organisation)
Which treaty organisation was set up in the Middle East?
Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO)
Who were the members of CENTO and when did the US become an associate member?
- Iran
- Iraq
- UK
- Pakistan
- Turkey
- US- 1959
When did Eisenhower issue the Eisenhower doctrine?
January 1957.
How much funding did the Eisenhower doctrine have?
$200 million.
What state did Egypt and Syria merge into and when?
- The United Arab Republic (UAR).
- February 1958
When did Eisenhower intervene in Lebanon due to fears after Iraqi monarchy assassination and rebellion after President tried to change the constitution?
1958.
Who did the CIA rig the election in Lebanon for?
Pro-western President Camile Chamoun
Which Lebanese President tried to change the Lebanese constitution to extend his power leading to a revolt supported by Syria?
1958
How long were US troops in Lebanon?
A month.
Who was the Iranian Prime Minister who was deposed with the help of the CIA?
Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh.
When did Mohammed Mosaddegh decide to nationalise the Iranian oil industry?
1951.
When did Eisenhower and Dulles approve a plan to depose the Iranian Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddegh?
1953.
How much oil did the new Pro-American Shah of Iran give US oil companies?
40%.
When was the Pro Western Iraqi monarchy overthrown and replaced with a left leaning government?
1958.
Who was the Egyptian leader who fronted the Arab nationalist regime?
Gamal Abdul Nasser
When did the US face further problems in Iran?
The 1980s.
When was the Suez crisis?
1956.
When did the US unsuccessfully attempt to overthrow Nasser using the CIA?
1957.
When did Eisenhower give his ‘A Chance for Peace’ speech?
1953.
When was the Geneva summit?
1955.
How long had it been at the Geneva summit since US and Soviet leaders had met?
10 years since Potsdam
When did Khrushchev order western troops to leave Berlin (the Berlin crisis)?
1958.
When was the Berlin Wall built due to Eisenhower’s failure to deal with issues in Berlin?
1961.
When did the Soviets announce they had shot down a U2 spy plane in Soviet territory?
1960.
Who was the pilot in the U2 plane, the Soviets shot down?
Gary Powers
What route was the U2 pilot taking over the Soviet Union?
Pakistan flying over the USSR to Norway.
Which countries protested against the US for using spy planes unauthorised over their territory?
Norway, Turkey and Pakistan
For how long did Khrushchev demand negotiations should be stopped by at the Paris Summit?
6 months until Eisenhower was gone from the presidency.
What conditions did Khrushchev demand in the Paris summit to continue negotiations?
- An apology from Eisenhower.
- Punishments for the people responsible for the U2 plane.
- The stopping of flights over Soviet territory.
When did the CIA help to leak Khrushchev’s Secret Speech?
1956.
Which radio company did the CIA control that encouraged rebellions in Hungary?
Radio Free Europe.
Which Hungarian leader was overthrown by the Hungarian rebels?
Rakosi
Which liberal Hungarian leader proposed radical new policy for Hungary?
Imre Nagy
What did Imre Nagy promise in Hungary?
- Free elections
- Restoration of farms to priviate property
- Neutrality in the Cold War
- Hungary leaving the Warsaw Pact
How many troops did Khrushchev send to Hungary?
250,000
How many Hungarians were killed and fled during Khrushchev’s campaign in Hungary?
- 3,000 Hungarians killed
- 200,000 Hungarians fled
Which harsh communist leader did Khrushchev instal in Hungary after the rebellion?
Janos Kadar
When did the US enter the Vietnam war?
1964
When was the Warsaw Pact?
May 1955
How much oil did the Middle East have?
1/2 the world’s oil
How much military spending did Truman propose that Eisenhower had to cut down?
$50 billion
Who was Secretary of State under Eisenhower?
John Foster Dulles
When did Stalin die?
March 1953
Who took over after Stalin died and what did they want?
- Beria
- Neutral Germany
- End of Korean War
Who took over second after Stalin died and what did they want?
- Georgy Malenkov
- Economic modernisation
- Thaw in relations to prevent destruction- peace and mutual understanding.
Who eventually became the undisputed leader of the USSR?
Nikita Khrushchev
When was Eisenhowers ‘Chance for Peace Speech’?
April 1953
When and where did Khruschev give his ‘secret speech’ about peaceful coexistance?
- 20th Party Congress
- 1956
Who attended the Geneva Summit and when was it?
- The Big Four (USA, France, Britain, Russia)
- 1955
What suggestion did Eisenhower make at the Geneva Summit that was rejected?
- ‘open skies’ policy.
- Each side free to monitor each others arms build up.
When was the Foriegn Ministers Confernece in Geneva and what was discussed?
- June 1959
- The Berlin Problem
When was the ‘Kitchen Debate’ and what was it?
- July 1959
- Debate in Moscow between Khruschev and VP Nixon.
- Friendly discussion about capitalism vs. communism.
When did Khruschev visit the US and how long for?
- September 1959
- 11 day tour
What happened during Khruschev’s visit to the US?
- Toured the US
- Visited Camp David presidential retreat and talked about Berlin and disarmament.
What was the significance of Khrushchev’s visit to the US?
- First time a USSR leader had gone to the US
- Signalled a thaw, personal diplomacy policy and peaceful coexistance
When did the Soviets launch Sputnik 1 into space, starting the Space Race?
IOctober 1957
When did the Soviets Luna III take pictures of the far side of the moon?
1959
When did 2 Soviet dogs get launched into space and safely return?
August 1960
When did the US attempt to launch satellite Vanguard TV-3 (Kaputnik) into space?
1957
**
When was the first American Satelite (unimpressively small) launched into space and what was it called?
- Explorer 1
- 1958
How much military spending did the US have?
18% GNP
How much military spending did the British and French have after the formation of NATO?
10% GNP
How many atomic bombs did the USSR have in 1957 compared to the US despite claims of a missile gap?
- 650 USSR nuclear weapons
- 5543 US nuclear weapons
When did the USSR catch up to the US in terms of the ‘missile gap’?
1978
When was Eisenhower’s ‘atoms for peace’ speech at the UN and what happened?
- 1953
- Proposed sharing nuclear resources for peaceful means
- Soviets disagreed and weren’t willing to igve up nuclear materials.
When was the nuclear test ban treaty talks in Geneva?
1958
When did the US detonate the first hydrogen bomb and how much destructive power did it have?
- 1952
- 7x destructive power as Hiroshima
When did the USSR gain a hydrogen bomb?
1953
How many B-29 bombers capable of launching nuclear weapons did the US have by when?
- 1,000
- 1953
When did the US army in West Germany recieve nuclear weapons to use in battle?
1953
What was US nuclear power like by 1955?
- Had 1/3 of atomic bombs ready to fly in 15 minutes
- 2,000 nulcear warheads
When did the soviets launch the first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) and how far was it’s range by when?
- Launched August 1957
- 1960- could strike 6,400km away.
When did the Americans test their own ICBM and what happened after?
- December 1957
- Both sides positioned ICBM’s in allied countries close to enemy borders e.g. Americans in Turkey.
What underwater nuclear invention was invented, when and what were it’s properties?
- Nuclear submarines- Polaris.
- Range of 1,600km
When did the US and USSR have enough nuclear weapons to destroy every living thing on earth?
1960
When was Allen Dulles director of the CIA?
1953-1961
When was the Iranian coup?
1953
When did the U2 incident occur?
May 1960
**
Who was the pilot in the U2 crisis?
Gary Powers
What was Gary Power’s route during the U2 crisis?
Froom Pakistan, over the USSR to Norway.
Which countries protested the US after the U2 crisis?
Norway, Turkey, Pakistan
When was the Paris Summit?
May 1960
Which party platform made it clear Eisenhower advocated ‘liberation by all peaceful means’?
1956
Which radio did the CIA use to broadcast the ‘secret speech’?
Radio Free Europe
Why was Berlin a problem for Khrushchev?
By 1961- 20% of East Germany’s population had escaped to the West.
When did Khruschev give an ultimatum about Berlin and what was it?
- November 1958
- All Western troops leave West Berlin in 6 months.
When did Russia and China sign the Sino-Soviet alliance?
1950
When did Stalin die?
March 1953
When was SEATO created?
- September 1954
- In response to Korea and Vietnam
What were the causes of the Quemoy and Matsu crisis?
- SEATO- fears of.
- Increasing anti-Chinese sentiment after Korean war and imprisonment of American soldiers.
- Taiwan- strategically important as US naval base for Korea and Japan.
- The JCS- pushed Eisenhower to intervene.
What were the orginal plans to help the French in Vietnam that Eisenhower pulled out of after the British?
- Operation Vulture.
- Covert air support with B-26 bombers
- 3 small atomic weapons.
When did Eisenhower give Domino theory it’s name?
April 1954
When did the Geneva Conference end and what was the agreement that Eisenhower refused to agree to?
- July 1954
- Geneva Accords to divide Vietnam into a communist North and a non-Communist South with a promise to reunify Vietnam in elections by June 1956.
Which Middle Eastern countries did the Soviets have friendly relations with?
- Iraq
- Egypt
- Syria
- Libya
1956
Which countries joined a secret plot causing the Suez crisis?
- Israel
- Britain
- France
When did the UN vote for the creation of two seperate states in Palestine with the Jews gaining more land despite a larger Arab population and the Jews fighting the Arabs t ogain extra territory?
1947
When was the state of Israel established and Truman’s recognition of it, causing Arab resentment?
May 1948
When was the Arab League formed and what was it?
- 1948
- Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Syria
- Leauge of nations who voted against Israel.
- Formed the Arab Liberation Army who fought a war of independence in Israel.
When did the UN declare Israel in permanent control of Palestine?
1949
