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Biology > Unit 2 topic 2 Homeostasis > Flashcards

Unit 2 topic 2 Homeostasis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Irritability?

A

The ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment – is a characteristic of all living matter.

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2
Q

When does coordination occur?

A

Occurs when different body parts work together to maintain homeostasis.

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3
Q

What is Homeostasis

A

The constant internal environment within a living organism despite internal or external changes.

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4
Q

What are the two metabolic reactions that occur in the body?

A

. Catabolic

. Anabolic

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5
Q

What is Catabolic?

A

Break down of reaction. e.g. breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water In cellular respiration

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6
Q

What is Anabolic?

A

Require energy as they build complex (higher energy) molecules from their base part. e.g. production of glucose in photosynthesis.

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7
Q

What is the role of Homeostasis?

A

To ensure that all metabolic reactions in the body can occur at a rate that ensures the survival of the organism.

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8
Q

What is stimulus

A

Is a detectable change (input) in either the internal or external environment that acts as a signal for cells.

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9
Q

What are the two main types of stimulus

A

. Physical (e.g. heat, pressure or light)

. Chemical (e.g. food or other substances).

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10
Q

What’s the function of the negative loop feedback?

A

. Maintain homeostasis by responding to changes in the body and adjusting the variables to their original/optimal state.
. The response produced reduces the effect of the original stimulus by reversing its direction.

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11
Q

What’s the function of the positive feedback loop?

A

Force organism out of homeostasis by maintaining the direction of the stimulus, and sometimes increasing stimulus

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12
Q

What’s the function of a chemical messenger?

A

They carry information and instructions from one set of cells to another (hormones). The endocrine system influences almost every cell, organ, and function of our bodies.

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13
Q

What’s the function of Autocrine hormones?

A

. Will bind to receptors in the same cell that produced them.
. e.g. white blood cell (T lymphocyte) activating itself with an autocrine hormone (IL- 2) during an infection =

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14
Q

What’s the function of Paracrine hormones?

A

. Will bind to receptors on neighbouring cells.

. Infected plant cells use paracrine hormones to warn neighbouring cells to protect themselves.

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15
Q

What’s the function of endocrine hormones?

A

Travel long distances through the blood supply of animals to reachthe target cells that have receptors that are complementary to the shape of the hormone.

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16
Q

What’s the function of Pheromones?

A

. Released from the body and act as a species-specific signal to other members of the species.
. Female dogs and insects release sex pheromones into the air when they are ready to mate.

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17
Q

What is the Endocrine system responsible for?

A

Responsible for coordinating growth, metabolism and reproduction.

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18
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

For a cell to respond to a hormone, a signal transduction pathway must be activated.

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19
Q

What are the two types of Animal hormones?

A

. Water Soluble hormones

. Fat-soluble hormones

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20
Q

What role does the hypothalamus play?

A

It collects information from other parts of the brain, as well as monitoring levels of hormones and other chemicals in the blood vessels passing through it.

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21
Q

What is the function of the Pituitary gland?

A

. produce seven hormones
. One promotes growth, one influences pigmentation and the others (called tropic hormones) stimulate other endocrine glands.

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22
Q

What are dendrites?

A

. Are usually shorter fibres and have many branches.

. Serves as the main receiving area for the input of impulses from other neurons, and transport these to the cell body.

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23
Q

What is the cell body (soma)?

A

. contains the nucleus in a portion of the cytoplasm.

. concerned with controlling and maintaining the cell and its activities. Passes impulse to axon

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24
Q

What is the Axon?

A

. Long fibre, except at their termination

. The main pathway for the conduction of electrical impulses

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25
Q

What are Efferent (motor) neurons?

A

Transmit the information from the central nervous system to the tissue and organs (effector cells).

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26
Q

What are Afferent (sensory) neurons?

A

Communicate information from tissues and organs to the central nervous systems.

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27
Q

The function of Interneurons?

A

Connect neurons within the neuron system

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28
Q

What does a Nerve Impulse do?

A

Passage of signals (signal transduction) along axons requires considerable energy to re-establish the balance of ions across the axon membrane after each signal.

29
Q

Why does the conduction of nerve impulses happen?

A

Because of the presence of active and electronic potentials with conductors.

30
Q

What is ‘resting potential’ in the conductin of nerve impulses?

A

When a neuron is not actively transmitting a nerve impulse, it is in a resting state, ready to transmit a nerve impulse.

31
Q

What happens during the ‘resting state’ of conduction of nerve impulses?

A

. The sodium-potassium pump maintains a difference in charge across the cell membrane.
. This difference in electrical charge is called the resting potential.

32
Q

What happens during the ‘Action potential’ in the conductin of nerve impulses?

A

Travels down an axon there is a change in polarity across the membrane of the axon. In response to a signal from another neuron, sodium- (Na+) and potassium- (K+) gated ion channels open and close as the membrane reaches its threshold potential.

33
Q

What is Myelin sheath?

A

An insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord.

34
Q

How does the message move from one neuron to another?

A

The neurotransmitters from one neuron are released, cross the synapse, and attach themselves to special molecules in the next neuron called receptors. Receptors receive and process the message, then send it on to the next neuron. … Eventually, the message reaches the brain.

35
Q

What is Synapse?

A

Small gap between two neurons, where nerve impulses are relayed by a neurotransmitter from the axon of a presynaptic (sending) neuron to the dendrite of a postsynaptic (receiving) neuron.

36
Q

Why does Synapses impose a one-way direction on the passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system?

A

Because the receptor sites occur on only one side of the synaptic clef.

37
Q

The function of afferent (sensory) neruons?

A

Receive stimuli from the external environment and send the information to the central nervous system (CNS)

38
Q

The function of association neurons (interneurons)?

A

Linking sensory and motor neurons or different parts of the CNS.

39
Q

The function of efferent (motor) neurons?

A

Send the message from the CNS to the effector (muscles or glands)neurons

40
Q

What are nerve pathways?

A

The simplest nerve pathways are reflex arcs, which are responsible for bringing about reflex actions such as the knee jerk.

41
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Specialized epidermal cells that respond to environmental stimuli and consist of structural and support cells that produce the outward form of the receptor, and the internal neural dendrites that respond to specific stimuli.

42
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

The ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different.
. Regulation of body temperature either by increasing metabolic activity or behavioural responses.

43
Q

What are thermoconformers?

A

Any organism whose body temperature changes according to the external temperature, rather than carrying out thermoregulation.

44
Q

What are ectotherms?

A

Get their body heat mainly from their environment and can tolerate a reasonably wide range of body temperatures

45
Q

How do ectotherms control their body temperature?

A

All ectotherms control their body temperature by either gaining heat from their environment or reducing any heat loss from their bodies

46
Q

What are endotherms?

A

Most heat is generated internally through metabolic activity and is not so reliant on environmental conditions.

47
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A

Process of heat production in organisms.

48
Q

What is Vasolidation?

A

Widening of blood vessels - ensures that a large amount of blood is carried to the skin’s surface where heat is lost.

49
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The maintenance of a constant solute and water balance

50
Q

What is excretion?

A

Removal of metabolic waste material

51
Q

Is the capacity to maintain a constant internal fluid environment, regardless of the changes in the external environment, a critical factor for survival?

A

Yes.

52
Q

What is ammonia?

A

surrounded by water

53
Q

What is urea?

A

Requires less water for its elimination, but energy is required to convert ammonia to urea.
. Mammals and most adult amphibians excrete urea.

54
Q

What is uric acid?

A

The use of large amounts of energy to produce uric acid is an adaptation to water conservation.
. Terrestrial insects, molluscs, birds and most reptiles excrete

55
Q

Will the availability of water determine if the animal needs to expend energy to convert the ammonia into the less toxic molecules?

A

yes

56
Q

What are the three main areas within the body of multicellular organism water is distributed?

A

. The transport medium.
. Extracellular fluid
. The intracellular fluid of the cytoplasm.

57
Q

Osmoregulation in animals: What is Osmoconformers?

A

A marine organism that maintains an internal environment that is isotonic with its external environment

58
Q

Osmoregulation in animals: What is Osmoregulators?

A

An organism that actively controls internal salt concentrations independently of the salt concentrations in the environment.

59
Q

What does an impermeable body covering, such as fish scales, restrict?

A

Water intake.

60
Q

What would happen if there was no Osmoregulation?

A

A tendency to accumulate toxic waste and water, which can have dire consequences.

61
Q

Osmoregulation in plants: Can plant cells tolerate a much wider range of osmotic concentrations than animals?

A

Yes-associated with their cell structure.
. Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that exerts pressure on the cell contained within it and so maintains cell shape.

62
Q

What is transpiration?

A

. Water loss from the plant by evaporation from its surfaces.

63
Q

Transpiration: How is water loss?

A

Lost via opened stoma- where carbon dioxide diffuses into the cell.

64
Q

What happens when the stomata are full of water?

A

Their thin walls stretch more than the thick ones, causing the two cells to curve away from each other and the pore to open.

65
Q

What happens when the stomata lose water?

A

Water-the guard cells become straighter and the pore closes.

66
Q

What are some factors affecting the transpiration rate?

A 
. Light
. Temperature
. Humidity
. Wind
. Soil water
67
Q

How does light affect the transpiration rate?

A

Stomata usually open in the light and close in the dark

68
Q

How does temperature affect the transpiration rate?

A

An increase in temperature increases the rate of evaporation, therefore increases transpiration.

69
Q

What are some structural features to reduce water loss?

A 
. Leaf surface area. 
few stomata. 
rolled leaves. 
extensive root system
. stomata hairs that create a humid microclimate.

Biology (4 decks)

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