Unit 1 topic 1: Cells are the basis of life Flashcards

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1
Q

features of Cell membrane

A

Separates the inside of the cell from the outside- has many functions

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2
Q

features of cytoplasm

A

Consists of cytosol (gel-like substance made up more than 80% water and also ions, salts and organic materials.Consists of organelles in eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

features of DNA

A

Carries hereditary information, directs cell activities and is passed on from one generation to another

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4
Q

features of ribosomes

A

synthesis protein

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5
Q

What is a Prokaryotic cell?

A

Small and lack membrane-bound organelles. Only the single-celled organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are classified as prokaryotes.

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6
Q

What is a Eukaryotic cell?

A

Large and more complex contains a membrane-bound nucleus. Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic, meaning that they have nuclei. Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

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7
Q

what is a cell wall?

A

Rigid and supportive barrier. Animals cells do not have a cell wall and are only found in plant and bacteria cell. located outside of the cell membrane.

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8
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Contains DNA and is the control centre of the cell. It is surrounded by a double membrane.

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9
Q

What is an endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A system of membrane channels (highway of the cell) and little sacs that acts as a “workspace” for cellular reactions.

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10
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes and is where proteins are made and processed.

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11
Q

Smooth ER

A

Has no ribosomes and is where the cell makes phospholipids and packages proteins into vesicles (small storage sacs)

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12
Q

Ribosomes

A

Can be attached to ER or free. They are tiny organelles that make proteins

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13
Q

What is a Golgi Apparatus?

A

Looks like a stack of plates that stores, modifies and packages proteins. Molecules transported to and from the Golgi by means of vesicles.

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14
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

Storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes and pigments. Large central vacuole usually in plant cells, Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells.

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15
Q

What is a mitochondria?

A

The “power house of the cell” Cellular respiration occurs here to release energy for the cell to use
Releases energy from food molecules. Creates ATP, an energy containing molecule that acts as a “battery” to power other cell reactions

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16
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

Site of food (glucose) production, bound by a double membrane that is found only in plant cells. Contains the green pigment chlorophyll.

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17
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

Network of microfilaments and microtubules that extends from the nucleus to the plasma (cell) membrane. Give cells its shape.

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18
Q

What is a centriole?

A

Aids in cell division and usually found only in animal cells. made of microtubes.

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19
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Garbage disposal of the cell, Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes

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20
Q

What is a Cytosol

A

Fluid component of cytoplasm in which organelles are located

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21
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

To help in the active transport of materials in and out of the cell. To provide a certain degree of mechanical support to the cell, so that it can maintain its shape.
To act as a receptor for chemical materials (e.g. hormones) and so maintaining the specificity of the particular cell type.

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22
Q

Structure of the cell membrane.

A

The basic structure of the membrane is known as a phospholipid bilayer. Two thin sheets of polar phospholipids

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23
Q

Cholesterol

A

Fatty molecule, Stabilises the membrane, Reduces the permeability of the membrane to small water-soluble molecules.

24
Q

Integral proteins

A

Permanent proteins. Act as transport channels to transport molecules and ions through the membrane. Act as an enzyme. Connect cells to each other.

25
Q

Peripheral proteins.

A

Bind to integral proteins. Act as attachments to the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix – helps with support.

26
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Integral proteins that span both phospholipid bilayers

27
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Linked to protruding proteins (this forms a glycoprotein) or lipids (forming glycolipids) on the outer surface of the membrane.

28
Q

Passive transport

A

. Substances move from high to low.
. No energy input required.
. Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis

29
Q

Active transport

A

. Substances move from low to high.
. Requires energy input.
. Protein carriers, Endocytosis, Exocytosis

30
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Materials move down their concentration gradient through the phospholipid bilayer.

31
Q

Facilitated diffusion.

A

The passage of materials is aided both by a concentration gradient and by a transport protein.

32
Q

Osmosis

A

Osmosis is responsible for much of the movement of fluids into and out of cells.

33
Q

Osmotic Imbalances

A

Cells will gain or lose water relative to their surroundings in accordance with what the solute concentration is inside the cell as opposed to outside it.

34
Q

Isotonic

A

Have the same concentration of solutes, & water flow is balanced between the cell & surroundings

35
Q

Hypotonic

A

The surrounding solution has a lower solute concentration than inside the cell. Water moves into the cell.

36
Q

Hypertonic

A

Surrounding solution that has a greater concentration of solutes than the cell’s cytoplasm. The cell will lose water to a surrounding solution.

37
Q

Lipids

A

. Fats & waxes (solid) and oil (liquid)

. Energy storage

38
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

.Genetic material of all organisms

. Two types, Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) .

39
Q

Proteins

A

Everything in the cell depends on proteins- build structures, control chemical reactions and carry messages.

40
Q

The active site in the enzyme

A

Only specific types of molecules fit into the active sites, called substrates. Lock and Key

41
Q

Enzyme function

A

Either join smaller molecules together to form larger molecules, or they can break larger molecules into smaller ones. \ When active site binds to substrate = enzyme-substrate complex formed

42
Q

ATP

A

. Composed of three inorganic phosphate groups attached to a nitrogenous base, adenosine.
. Splits into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a molecule of phosphate (reversible process)

43
Q

Autotrophs

A

. Chemosynthetic autotrophs obtain energy from inorganic chemical reactions- a process called chemosynthesis
. Obtain organic matter by converting inorganic matter- a process called photosynthesis.

44
Q

Heterotrophs

A

. Also called consumers: unable to make their own food and must obtain all organic compounds by consuming other organisms.
. All animals and fungi are heterotrophs

45
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Glucose formed in photosynthesis used as a source of energy by the plant
Stored by plant as starch for later conversions into energy. Used as a chemical starting point for the synthesis of complex compounds e.g. carbohydrates

46
Q

Chloroplast structure

A

The outer and inner membrane that allow materials to move in and out of.Inside is a fluid called stroma and a complex thylakoid membrane system

47
Q

Thylakoid

A

Hollow discs, which stacked together to make grana. Part of the Chloroplast structure.

48
Q

Photosynthetic pigments

A

Coloured substances that collect the light energy

49
Q

Light-dependent reaction

A

(photosynthesis) Reactions occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts, where chlorophyll and enzymes are located. Must have light to occur.

50
Q

Light-independent reactions

A

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place within the stroma. It contains enzymes that work with ATP and NADPH to “fix” carbon from carbon dioxide into molecules that can be used to build glucose. (Calvin cycle)

51
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Biochemical pathways that together release energy from glucose.

52
Q

Glycolysis

A

.Glucose is broken down into pyruvate
.Produces 2 ATP (from ADP and P) and NADH (from NAD+) act as an energy carrier
.Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
.Doesn’t need oxygen to occur

53
Q

Krebs Cycle

A
  • Eight reactions that are each catalysed by a different enzyme.
  • Takes place in the mitochondria
54
Q

Electron transport chain

A
  • Moves protons and electrons across a membrane to create ATP (32-34 ATP). ‘
  • Hydrogen ions and electrons are released into the chain
55
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A
  • Little or no oxygen involved, the organism can still release some energy from glucose through a process called fermentation
  • In animals – lactic acid fermentation
  • In plants – alcoholic fermentation