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Biology > Unit 2 topic 1 Infectious disease > Flashcards

Unit 2 topic 1 Infectious disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is healthy?

A

An individual that can function physically, mentally and socially well.

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2
Q

What is a disease?

A

Any physiological abnormality or significant disruption in the ‘normal’ health of an organism.

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3
Q

What is an abiotic factor (disease)?

A

nutrient deficiency, drought, lack of oxygen, excessive temperature and pollution

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4
Q

What is a biotic factor (disease)?

A

Factors within the organism or caused by an organism.

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5
Q

What is it mean to be infectious?

A

Caused by another organism or organic agent and can be passed from one individual to another.

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6
Q

What is it mean to be non-infectious?

A

Cannot be spread from one individual to another

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7
Q

What are some causes of non-infectious diseases?

A

. Inherited conditions
. Environmental conditions
. Nutritional diseases.

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8
Q

What are the causes of infectious diseases?

A

. Caused by pathogens (classes as parasites)

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9
Q

Ectoparasite

A

live outside their host e.g. Fleas

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10
Q

Endoparasite

A

live inside their host e.g. Tape worm

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11
Q

What is a Primary host?

A

Where parasites can reach maturity and reproduce

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12
Q

What is a secondary host?

A

temporary host

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13
Q

What is a Reservoir host?

A

Can harbour a parasite and have no ill effect (may or may not pass on pathogen)

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14
Q

What is a vector?

A

Uses another organism to move from one organism to another.

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15
Q

What is a Carrier?

A

Infected with a pathogen but doesn’t exhibit symptoms

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16
Q

What is an Endemic?

A

Where a disease exists in low levels within a community

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17
Q

What is contagious?

A

Infectious disease can pass directly between two individuals of the same species

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18
Q

What is Pandemic?

A

The disease spreads to other countries

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19
Q

What is an Epidemic?

A

Larger than normal numbers of individuals is infected

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20
Q

What is Pathogen virulence?

A

The pathogen’s ability to cause disease, which is measured through:
. How many individuals does the microorganism infects
. How quickly it spreads through the body
. How many hosts die

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21
Q

What are the different Virulent factors?

A
  1. Adhesion
  2. Colonisation factors
  3. Invasion factors
  4. Toxins
  5. Immune response blockers
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22
Q

What is the function of Adhesion?

A

Sticking to a molecule on the membrane of the host cell

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23
Q

What is a colonisation factor?

A

Proteins allow the pathogen to colonise the host’s body.

24
Q

What is an invasion factor?

A

Proteins that allow pathogens to enter the host cells

25
Q

What are toxins?

A

Proteins that poison host cells and cause tissue damage. The damage causes nutrients for pathogen survival

26
Q

What are immune response blockers?

A

bacteria and fungi have a capsule that blocks the host’s immune system

27
Q

What is a Protozoan?

A

Unicellular animals

28
Q

What are tapeworms?

A

infection of the digestive tract by adult parasitic flatworms

29
Q

What are Arthropods?

A

Small animals such as the mite, head lice, crab louse

30
Q

What is bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic cells, which they are found everywhere. Some cause disease and some are critical for life on earth.

31
Q

What are the Bacterial structure?

A

. Cell wall
. Cell membrane
. Capsule
. Flagella

32
Q

What is a Heterotrophic bacteria?

A

Must get their food from a source of preformed organic matter:

33
Q

What is a parasite?

A

live on or in the organism and can cause disease.

34
Q

What is a Saprobes?

A

feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.

35
Q

What is an Autotrophic bacteria?

A

can make their own food:

36
Q

What are the factors bacterias are limited to growth?

A 
Temperature
 pH
 moisture content
 nutrient availability
 competition from other organisms
37
Q

How do bacteria make you sick?

A

.They get the food they need to survive and reproduce.

. Destruction of the host’s cells by bacterial enzymes

38
Q

What are vectors?

A

Are carriers of the pathogens but show no symptoms of disease

39
Q

What is an Antigen?

A

Substances that can evoke an immune response.

40
Q

What are the first line of defence?

A

. Skin
. Ciliated epithelium
. Secretion that deters the microbes

41
Q

What are the second line of defence?

A

. Defensive molecules
. Cytokines
. Fever

42
Q

What are defence molecules cytokines?

A

Coordinate aspects of immune response which are released by body cells in response to cell damage or presence of a pathogen.

43
Q

What are phagocytosis?

A

Process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. I

44
Q

What is the Lymphatic system?

A

Collection of organs involved in the production, maturation, and harbouring of whiteblood cells called lymphocytes.

45
Q

What is the two mechanism of immunity

A

. Cell-mediated immune response

. Humoral immune response

46
Q

Third line of defence involves two broad type of lymphocyte which are?

A

B-lymphocytes (Bone Marrow)

T-lymphocytes (Thymus)

47
Q

What is the characteristic of primary immune response

A

. Memory cells (B, Th, Tc) are made from this process.
. 10 to 17 days from exposure to peak antibody and cytotoxic T cell production.
. Person starts to recover from illness symptoms

48
Q

What is the characteristic of secondary immune response

A

. Faster and increased immune response to same antigen if exposed again.
. Immunological memory increased rate of proliferation and differentiation in second exposure.
. Symptoms don’t usually appear.

49
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

. The short-term immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal.

50
Q

What is active immunity?

A

The immunity which results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen.

51
Q

What are the two different mechanism of transmission?

A

. Direct contact transmission

. Indirect contact transmission

52
Q

How does regional spread of disease work?

A

. Road networks
. Airports
. Infrastructure system (e.g. water supply)
. Social networks (e.g. large gathering)

53
Q

What is the SIR model?

A

Basic model used to analyse spread of disease. Uses an advanced mathematical formula.

54
Q

What is R nought?

A

Measure (estimation) of how many people will contract a disease from the person who is the primary source.

55
Q

What are some ways to decrease disease transmission?

A

. Medicine
. immunisation
. Personal hygiene

56
Q

What is community immunity?

A

Critical portion of community protected against a

disease. Also known as Herd Immunity.

57
Q

Who benefits from herd immunity?

A

. Young children
. Elderly people
. Pregnant women
. Individuals who are already ill.

Biology (4 decks)

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