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Biology > Unit 1 topic 2: Multicellular organism > Flashcards

Unit 1 topic 2: Multicellular organism Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Unicellular

A
  • Singled-celled organisms consist of a single cell.

- Example: bacteria, protozoa and unicellular fungi.

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2
Q

Multicellular

A
  • Community of cells that work cooperatively for the survival and reproduction of the organism.
  • Example: Simple mosses, sponges and corals, plants and animals.
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3
Q

Specialised cell

A
  • Cells that have a specific function.

- Have unique structural adaptations that enable them to carry out specific functions.

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4
Q

Organs

A
  • Consists of two or more tissues that work together to perform one or more specialised tasks.
  • Example: flowers, leaves and roots
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5
Q

Cell cycle

A

A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides. … The cell then leaves interphase, undergoes mitosis, and completes its division.

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6
Q

Mitosis

A

Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.

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7
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of food into a form that can be used by an organism for metabolism

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8
Q

Chemical digestion

A
  • Breaking apart complex molecules into simple molecules.

- Carried by enzymes (increase rate of food breakdown)

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9
Q

Absorption

A
  • Most nutrient molecules produced through digestion pass through cell membrane by diffusion.
  • Transported to circulatory system which transports to appropriate cells.
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10
Q

Assimilation

A
  • Occurs in cells
  • Monomers are built up into complex compounds
  • Then converted into other forms as storage products for later use or broken down for energy release
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11
Q

Elimination

A
  • Any undigested food is eliminated from gut as faeces = egestion
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12
Q

Movement of blood

A
  • Moves through series of tubular vessels called arteries, veins and capillaries
  • Heart moves blood through these vessels
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13
Q

structure and function of blood

A

Composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma proteins and platelets – all suspended in a fluid called plasma.

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14
Q

Red blood cells (RBC)

A

. Transport oxygen from the respiratory surfaces to the tissues
. Packed full of red pigment called haemoglobin

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15
Q

The double circulatory system

A

. Called the double circulatory system because blood passes through the heart twice.
. Blood is moved around the body as a result of rhythmic contractions of the heart

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16
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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17
Q

Capillaries

A

Walls are composed of a single layer of thin flat cells and permeable to all blood components except RBC and plasma proteins

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18
Q

Veins

A

take blood towards the heart

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19
Q

Carriage of respiratory gases in the blood

A

. Oxygen

. Carbon dioxide

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20
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Network of tissues, vessels and organs that work together to move a colourless, watery fluid called lymph back into your circulatory system (your bloodstream).

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21
Q

Excretion

A

Animals process food into molecules needed by the body and for general life functions.

22
Q

What is removed in Excretion?

A

Most metabolic waste is removed through surfaces in contact with the environment

23
Q

What are the Excretory organs?

A

. Lungs/gills
. Kidney
. Skin
. Liver

24
Q

Excretory organ: Lungs/gills waste product?

A

Carbon dioxide, water (cellular respiration).

25
Q

Excretory organ: Kidney waste product?

A

Nitrogenous wastes (urea), water, inorganic salts.

26
Q

Excretory organ: Skin waste product?

A

Water, inorganic salts, heat, small amounts of urea.

27
Q

Excretory organ: Liver waste product?

A

Nitrogenous wastes (ammonia into urea) that is then excreted by the kidneys

28
Q

Ammonia

A

. Highly toxic to animal cells
. Needs to be rapidly removed (fish through gills) or converted to a less toxic compound such as urea and uric acid (mammals and amphibians).

29
Q

Urea

A

. Can be contained in body for limited period before removal.
. Energy is needed to convert ammonia to urea, but less water is needed for excretion.

30
Q

Uric acid

A

. No water is needed for dilution but energy is also required to convert from ammonia
. Excreted as a thick white paste crystals in birds and solid pellets in insects

31
Q

The Excretory system

A

. Includes a pair of kidneys that remove excretory products from blood plasma.
. The urine formed passes through the ureters to the bladder for storage and is eventually eliminated via the urethra.

32
Q

Structure and function of the kidneys

A

. Bean shaped organ
. Composed of two layers of tissue: an outer, darker coloured cortex and an inner, lighter coloured medulla, surrounding a central cavity.

33
Q

Structure and function of the kidney

A

. The renal artery (kidney) forms branches between the pyramids that deliver blood to the region containing nephrons
. Each kidney contains between one to two million nephrons.

34
Q

Nephrons

A

. Consists of an elongated tubule
. One end has a group of blood capillaries via a cup-shaped Bowman’s capsule
. Down the other end is a collecting duct – which drains into the pelvis as urine and out through the ureter

35
Q

The function of the kidney

A

. Removal of metabolic waste (excretion) and regulating water levels (osmoregulation).
.

36
Q

Filtering

A

. Blood enters the capillaries under high pressure

.

37
Q

What is Reabsorption?

A

. The process by which the nephron removes after and solutes from the tubular fluid and returns them to the circulating blood.

38
Q

What is the Respiratory System?

A

Used for gas exchange in animals and plants

39
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

Physical process in which the gass move passively by diffusion across a surface

40
Q

What is Vascular tissue?

A

Complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, is found in vascular plants.

41
Q

What is the main information about the leaf structure?

A

Stomata provide openings through the epidermis and cuticle- CO2 diffuses into mesophyll

42
Q

Mesophyll

A

. Palisade mesophyll – densely packed with chloroplasts to maximise light absorption beneath the transparent epidermis
. Spongy mesophyll – irregular shape and contain chloroplasts. Air spaces allow gases to move through the leaf.

43
Q

What is xylem?

A

Transports water, nutrients and minerals that were absorbed from soil via the root system

44
Q

What are vessel elements?

A

straw like cells that are extremely efficient at moving water. Only found in flowering plants

45
Q

What is a Tracheid cell?

A

Stack of empty cells that aren’t as efficient at moving water

46
Q

The function of Phloem?

A

Transports sugars and other plant products

47
Q

What is the function of the root system?

A

Absorb water and minerals from the soil
Support and anchor plant
Main energy storage area

48
Q

What is a taproot?

A

Thick main root with side branches. Helps to reach water table and anchorage for large trees

49
Q

What is a fibrous root

A

Many smaller roots. Grow quickly and provide a wide base.

50
Q

What is the shoot system?

A

Water and dissolved minerals move to leaves through stem

Biology (4 decks)

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