Unit 2 Test: Cells Study Guide Flashcards
What are the three principles of the Cell Theory?
cells are the basic unit of life, all living things are made up of cells, and all cells come from other cells.
What organelles are found in prokaryotic cells?
cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membrane and cell wall
What are the four things prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?
cells have a plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA
What organelles are found only in plant cells?
chloroplast, cell wall and a vacuole.
What organelles are found only in animal cells?
Centrosomes and lysosomes
How is the cell membrane related to homeostasis?
the cell membrane only allows certain things into and out of the cell, allowing the cell to maintain stable conditions that are different from the environment.
What are the parts of the cell membrane?
phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and other lipids such as cholesterol.
What are the two main types of transport?
passive and active transport.
What types of molecules can easily pass through the membrane?
Small nonpolar molecules, such as O2 and CO2
What are the types of passive transport?
Simple Diffusion osmosis Facilitated Diffusion
Does passive transport move up or down the concentration gradient?
down
What are the types of active transport?
ion pumps, exocytosis and endocytosis.
Does active transport move up or down the concentration gradient?
up
What type of transport requires the use of energy?
Active transport
What type of solution is an isotonic solution? How does it affect the cell?
where the concentration of solutes (like salt or sugar) is the same inside and outside of a cell.
- there is no movement
What type of solution is a hypertonic solution? How does it affect the cell?
has a higher solute concentration compared to the intracellular solute concentration.
What type of solution is a hypotonic solution? How does it affect the cell?
has a lower solute concentration compared to the intracellular solute concentration. When a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there will be a net movement of free water into the cell.
What are the parts of Interphase and what occurs in each step?
G1 phase (cell growth), followed by S phase (DNA synthesis), followed by G2 phase (cell growth
What are the functions of the cell cycle?
duplicate accurately the vast amount of DNA in the chromosomes and then segregate the copies precisely into two genetically identical daughter cells.
What is the name of asexual reproduction in bacteria?
binary fission
What is mitosis?
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
What are the stages of mitosis in order?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
What is the difference between cytokinesis in plants and animals?
Cytokinesis in plants and animals is different from each other due to the presence of cell walls in plant cells.
Throughout the cell’s cycle, there are built in ______ that are designed to be a check and balance system for the cell. What do these checkpoints look for?
- checkpoints
Programmed cell death is known as
apoptosis
What is cancer?
disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer cells form disorganized clumps called
tumors
What is a carcinogen?
changes your DNA, it triggers a chain reaction that turns normal cells into cancerous cells
What is a stem cell?
cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body
What is cell differentiation?
during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function.
What are some real-world applications of stem cells?
Tissue regeneration
