Unit 2 Test Flashcards
The knowledge, value, attitudes, and traditions that guide the behavior of a group of people and allow them to solve the problems of living in their environment.
Culture
What is relative standing in the society based on income, power, background, and prestige?
Socioeconomic Status
A cultural heritage (history, homeland, language, traditions, or religion) shared by a group of people
Ethnicity
A socially constructed category based on appearances and ancestry
Race
A group of people who have been socially disadvantaged-not always based on low numbers.
Minority Group
A rigid or unfair generalization
Prejudice
Prejudicial preference or action
Bias
How many students in the United States are homeless?
1.3 million
What are the 4 levels of socioeconomic status?
Upper, Middle, Working, Lower
When two or more sensations occur together often enough, they will become associated (pairing)
The principal of contiguity
The disappearance of a learned response.
Extinction
Reinforcing each small step of progress toward a desired goal or behavior.
Shaping
Association of automatic responses with new stimuli
Classical conditioning
You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it. What is this an example of?
Classical Conditioning
A lion in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a food treat. What is this an example of?
Operant conditioning
Learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents
operant conditioning
What occurs after a behavior
Consequence
Strengthening behavior by giving a desired stimulus after the behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
Strengthening the behavior by removing an unwanted stimulus after behavior occurs (taking away something bad)
Negative reinforcement
Procedures used to obtain information about antecedents, behaviors, and consequences to determine the reason or function of the behavior.
Functional Behavioral Assessment
Which are more effective: soft, calm, and private reprimands, or loud public reprimands?
Soft, calm, private, reprimands
A more preferred activity can serve as a reinforcer for a less preferred activity
Premack Principle
Presenting a reinforcer after every appropriate response
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Reinforcement after a varying number of responses
Variable Ratio Reinforcement Schedule
Reinforcement after various lengths of time
Variable Interval Reinforcement Schedule
Reinforcement after a set period of time
Fixed IntervalReinforcement Schedule
Reinforcement after a set number of responses
Fixed Ratio Reinforcement Schedule
Verbal information; facts; “knowing that’ something is the case
Declarative Knowledge
Knowledge demonstrated by performing a task “knowing how”
procedural knowledge
Knowing how to manage your learning, or knowing when to use you declarative and procedural knowledge
Self-regulatory knowledge
Part of working memory. A speech and sound related system for hold, refreshing, and rehearsing words and sounds in short-term memory for 1.5-2 seconds
Phonological loop
Small parts being activated one at a time based on how closely related they are to each other to be able to recall associated information?
Spread of Activtion
Practicing with in brief periods with rest intervals. (studying for 20 min each night for a week)
Distributed practice
Studying for a long extended period of time
Massed practice
Three step process of: what I already know, what do i want to know, and what have I learned
KWL reading strategy
A drawing that charts the relationships among ideas
Concept map
Practicing a skill past the point of mastery
overlearning
Each student is part of a group and is given part of the material that the whole group has to learn. The student has to become an expert with their content and teach it to the rest of the group.
Jigsaw
The teacher presents a puzzling situation and students solve the problem by gathering data and testing their conclusions
Inquiry learning
True or False: Reinforcement Schedules impact how likely we are to perform a wanted behavior
True
A visual that is made up of two overlapping circles in which you can compare and contrast ideas.
Venn diagram
How to help combat stereotype threat?
Encourage students to have a growth mindset, let them know they all have the capacity to succeed.
What is the relationship between self-efficacy and self-esteem
They have a direct relationship with each other.
One small change at a place and time at a complex dynamic system can lead to large unexpected consequences
Butterfly defect
What are the components of a functional behavior assessement
Observations, interviews, records, target behviors, antecedent, and consequences.
How does a teacher encourage creativity?
Create accepting environment, be present with student ideas, give them direct feedback, encourage autonomy.
Declarative, Procedural, and Self-Regulatory
Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluating
Metacognitive Knowledge and Skills
Strategies/Characteristics of Constructivist Learning
- Complex learning environments and authentic tasks
- Provide social negotiation and shared responsibility
- Support multiple perspectives and use multiple representations of content
4.) Understand knowledge construction is a process
5.) Encourage ownership in learning
Observation and modeling play a primary role in how and why people learn. Learning is the result of direct experience with the environment.
Bandura’s social learning theory
An educational approach which aims to organize classroom activities into academic and social learning experiences
Cooperative learning
What are some way to use cooperative learning in an effective way?
-Positive interdependence
-promotive interaction
-individual accountability
-collaborative and social skills
-group processing
All behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. Innate/inherited factors have little influence on behavior.
Behaviorism
Do we ever truly forget anything?
No
How is info retrieved from long term memory?
Info in long-term memory is a network of association among concepts. Info is retreived based on the spread of activation, which means ideas are brought back once at a time based on association between ideas.
What prevents retrieval from long term memory?
New information interferes, old info lost from working memory
Memories that aren’t activated decay, weaken
What to do beginning of lesson to gain student attention?
Introduce the lesson and relate to them why it is important for them to learn to give them a purpose to learn it.
How will you keep their attention
OTR
Connect and Focus on new meaning?
I would find similarities from other units to relate and focus on new info use Mnemonics and acronyms to help them with new meaning.
Content integration
Using examples and content from a variety of cultures and groups to illustrate key concepts, principles, generalizations, and theories in subject area or discipline. (Multicultural ED #1)
Knowledge Construction process
helping students to understand how the implicit cultural assumptions within a discipline and influence how knowledge is constructed within it (Multicultural ed #2)
An equity pedagogy
matching teaching styles to students learning styles to facilitate academic achievement of students from diverse racial culture and social class groups (multicultural ed #3)
Empowering school culture and social structure
Examining group and labelling practices, sports participation and the interaction of the staff and the students across racial lines among all groups
(multicultural ed #4)
Prejudice judgement
Identifying the characteristics of students racial attitudes and determining how the can be modified by teaching. (multicultural ed 4)
